1. Introduction

1.1 A microorganism: a microscopic biochemical factory

1.2 Bioreactor as a controlled environment for microorganisms

1.3 Importance of process control in bioreactors

2. Parameters characterizing a bioreactor

2.1 Physical parameters

2.2 Chemical (extracellular) parameters

2.3 Biochemical (intracellular) parameters

2.4 Biological parameters

3. Control strategies for bioprocesses

4. Bioreactor dynamics

4.1 Bioreactor as a multivarible system with nonlinear dynamics

4.2 Cell growth modeling in a batch reactor

4.3 Continuous bioreactor dynamics

4.4 Multiplicity and stability of steady states in a continuous bioreactor

4.4.1 Calculation of multiple steady states

4.4.2 Stability of a steady state

4.5 Proportional control of a continuous bioreacor with Monod's kinetics

4.5.1 Stability analysis of open -loop CSTBR

4.5.1.1 Linear stability analysis for open - loop CSTBR

4.5.1.2 Phase plane analysis for open - loop CSTBR

4.5.2 Stability analysis of closed - loop CSTBR

4.6 Control of a continuous bioreactor with substrate inhibition kinetics

4.7 Fed batch reactor dynamics

4.8 Bifurcation analysis

5. Feedback control systems

5.1 PID controller

5.2 Stability considerations

5.3 Further feedback control techniques

5.4 Feedback control of multivariable systems

6. Optimal control theory

7. Adaptive control

8. Advanced controllers

8.1 State estimation techniques for fermentation processes

8.1.1 Component balancing techniques

8.1.2 Filtering theory

8.2 Control and dynamic optimization

9. Controller - design for bioreactors

9.1 General considerations for control of bioreactors

9.2 Instrumentation for bioprocess control

9.3 Potential problems in control realization

9.4 Case study: Implementation of a control process to maximize the enzyme (protease) production by a marine bacterium, Teredinobacter Turnirae in a high cell density fed-batch fermentation process

10. Future Trends

11. Conclusions

References