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motivation
preview
Text and Microtext
Macrotext and Grouptext
Expertext
what_is_missing?
how_this_book_was_written
audience
obtaining a hypertext version
hyperspace
hypertext dimensions
questions about text
definition of text
ancient history
middle ages
gradual change
reading and writing
lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels
interacting_levels
text translated into propositions
local_coherence
larger structures built from propositions
control_system
spreading activation
readability depends on coherence
state the case and prove it
goal and audience
explore, organize, and encode
novice versus expert
structured and unstructured
writing is goal-oriented
text systems: prominent computer usage
abstract and physical forms
continuum from text to image
poetic license
embedded commands versus WYSIWYG
embedded command language example
troff macros
hierarchial representation
what is SGML?
SGML syntax
SGML applications
logical and layout structure
logical structure
layout structure
reading, browsing, and searching
paper is better
physical readability
value of computer writing tools
task level
cognitive model
editor characteristics
extensible
WYSIWYG advantages
WYSIWYG disadvantages
paper versus computer
program, menu, and screen levels
desktop publishing
manipulating outlines
history and features
the outliner automatically numbers sections
structure
initial difficulty for writers
graphical components
traversal
user satisfaction
reading versus writing
writing
reading
large screens
training needed
observing authors
layout
editor
outline logic
what is small-volume hypertext?
from 1960s to 1980s
Augmentation System
concept network
Hypertext Editing System
marketplace
extending the 1960s
development stimulated by rapid response terminals
FRESS
Dynabook
hypertext visionary
database, interface, and semantic network
object-oriented versus relational
components
basic operations
paragraph as basic unit
granularity
extensibility
constraint of column width
text relation
graphics
network in relational form
definition of attributed graph
nodes and text blocks
buttons
easy to use
semantic and syntactic models
interaction styles
diversity of users
diversity over time
speed
definition of browsing
link standards
hierarchical view
fisheye view
travel metaphor
spaghetti versus museum layout
relating task, user, and interface
positive effect of youth
user characteristics are most important
screens
input modes
visual formalisms
icons
types of images
diagrams versus text
graphics extend memory
hypergraphs and Venn diagrams
higraphs
representing the mind
intuitive meaning
formal meaning
independent versus embedded
experimental method
outline links
link types
embedded hierarchical links
context dependency
individual differences of authors
whole network versus individual link
exploratory model
developmental model
twists in fiction
surprise in non-fiction
authoring and browsing
wide range of writing systems
system philosophies
long history
methods
frames
link types
ease of user interaction
no graphical views needed
electronic notecard
card types
links
distribution of card types
networks of ideas
market penetration
cards
links
standard images
history and goals
links
views
hierarchies in browsing
pioneering system
hierarchy
selection
view
user response
commercial failure
online help system
links
history begins 1982
folding and unfolding
goto
example session
history
architecture
arrow-jump keys
general public needs
history
design goals
examples of Drexel Disk use
high maintenance costs prompt move to HyperCard
documents
software engineers use computers and need links
onion structure
operating system
database system
object management
tools interface
user interface
nodes, links, and attributes
contexts define workspaces
documentation
editing is primary activity
language-oriented editors
multiple windows
screen design
translation and evaluation
paragraphs and links
directory
manuals, dictionaries, and encyclopedias
translation algorithm
requires substantial human effort
example difficulty
secondary authors
example translator
linearization
traversal
breadth- or depth-first
KMS
framework
example traversal
computer program
constraint-based_traversal
cohesiveness
pronoun referent gives cohesive tie
automating count of cohesive ties
optimal paths
history lesson
user response to Hypertext Editing System in the 1960s
different users need different features
representations
interface options
authoring guidelines
modeless
discipline
text to microtext uses markup
traverse network for microtext to text
marketplace based on work flow
repeatable experiments
hypertext layout
independent versus embedded
natural language
museum layout
visual formalisms
meaning of previous
depth versus breadth
pronoun references
path costs
information storage and retreival
managing the information explosion
18th century bibliographies
Index Medicus
1930s
national science advisor
vital information is lost
microfiche automated
analog device
MEDLARS
1970s growth in online bibliographies
1980s optical disks
popularity of database on optical disk
parsing and matching
strings versus word frequencies
arbitrary strings
document representation
Boolean queries
adjacencies
synonym problem
string search effective only on small databases
a large experiment: only 20% retrieved
the synonym problem again
explanation for result
frequency times rank equals constant
mid-frequency
high-frequency words in a document
low-frequency words
algorithm
positives and negatives
effect of weights on retrieval
weights on terms
discrimination analysis
relevance and distance
example computation
better than manual
reduction in search time
example computation of cluster
example benefit in search cost
initial cost versus subsequent benefit
role of indexing language as ordering system
pre and post coordination
specificity
query
personnel costs in indexing
term matching
definition of thesaurus
example thesauri
link types
classification structure
converting between thesaurus and classification structure
how to build a thesaurus
thesaurus and index experts
index first or construct thesaurus first?
how to add terms to a thesaurus
frequency implies value
suggest thesaurus relations
requirements for retrieval interface
menu depth
graphical screen
further graphical views
querying strategy
need for user models
accomodators versus assimilators
role of search intermediary
role of training
evaluating several aspects
the dead document
heuristics for acquisition
citation analysis
publish or perish
journal acquisition for Index Medicus
criteria include quality
indexing evaluation
thesaurus evaluation
cognitive model
recall and precision
relevance is subjective
single value based on correlating rankings
companies need macrotext systems
special needs of text
STAIRS structure
STAIRS search
evaluation of systems
DIALOG
initiation
search
retrieved citation
billing
summary of features
humans not needed
cost
string search on small set
parallelism
methods
STAIRS ranking
Personal Librarian
printed indices
standards needed
PRECIS
relations among index terms
published index
implementation
evaluation
thesauri are common
thesauri are common definition and example entry
indexing
extended index language
trends with MEDLARS
flowchart
deep hierarchy
MeSH database structure
MeSH for medical students
selecting query terms with the mouse
document ranking
satisfaction depended on user background
historical_example
motivation
full text
videodisc for storing exact image
development history
applications
catalogue cards
converting between text and hypertext
combining micro and macro
advantages of electronic form
first search, then browse
intrinsic and extrinsic weights
application to medical reference book
dream of connectivity
recent history of institutional commitment
goals
translation schemes
empty common language
identical group language
external common language
internal common language
translate by mapping
syntactic match
word decomposition
synonyms
Vocabulary Switching System
mapping and nearest
objectives like database management systems
theory
similarities and differences
conflict resolution
history of technology
macrotext system advantages
strings and words
word patterns in microtext and macrotext
indexing language
indexing language versus outine
connecting indexing languages
set and logical operators in queries
word frequency
a relevance formula
validity of indexing
network
Yellow Pages
searching for paragraphs
inconsistency
synonyms of grouptext
discussion, authoring, and annotation
features of grouptext
connects reader and writer
reader model
town criers
New Testament
Augmentation System
1970s student experiment
developing infrastructure
technology and people
database and interface
semantic net
discussion and annotation
first phase: discussion
model of nodes and links in discussion
comment link
an experiment
style and content
date and author
data sharing issues
consistency
database models
access control
optimistic concurrency
group editing of a semantic net
detecting contradictory statements
definition of version management
saving space by storing editing commands
choosing a revision
special opportunities for interactions
WYSIWIS
flexibility versus simplicity
approaches
acetate mode
extended version management
communication media
audio-visual links
PicturePhone failure
failure of videoconferencing
no advantage to audio or video
need to evaluate human-human communication
sociology and administration
collaboration in many environments
solo writing problem
collaborative solution
one set of experiences with children
psychological support
audience
communication
chief programmer
programmers do not work alone
mixture of individual types needed
male versus female
increasing collaboration
phases of collaboration
initiation and physical proximity
execution
presentation
social circle
management steps
individuals
individual versus group tensions
circumstances for efficiency
mythical man-month
decomposition
memory access cost
example with people
movement among phases
variety of experimental systems
Augmentation System
television
commercial difficulty
NoteCards
semantic net and functions
environment: tools and space
application to this book
document structure
locks and updates
social factors
Colab
idea organizing
design
intermediate organizing
focus caused by technology
graphical issue discussion
applied to software requirements document
scores on items
hierarchy of issues
construction versus discussion
annotations and computers
networked workstations
suite of programs
usage in class
dissatisfaction with interface
windows
organizing notes
users want more representational flexibility
graceful environment
system features
method of use
push and pull
authors and publishers collaborate
use electronic and paper forms
electronic research journal
USENET Cookbook
programs for editors
automated publishing
folders approach
adapted by users
links
versions
link types for discussion phase
annotation features
space and time dimensions
decisions about what to share
benefit to team work
social glue
credit
node names
versions
acetate mode
capitalist versus communist
student collaboration
scientist evaluation
efficiency exceeds one
wicked problem for discussion
expertise
hypertext history
definitions
MYCIN
INTERNIST
synergism
dynamic links
semantic patterns
Electronic Yellow Pages
connectivity
inheritance
analogical structure
insertion
outline
models of books
incidental and logical orderings
temporal orderings
hierarchy
frame/slots
comparison of hierarchy and frame
guidance in outline construction
rules
retrieval
definition of flow control graph
hypertext model
browsing
security
multiple windows
extended flow control and logic
Electronic Yellow Pages example
browsing and queries
navigation
intuitive versus formal
theory
taxonomy
procedural approach history
informal processing
frames
multiple knowledge sources
lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels
interaction with user
hierarchy
blackboard architecture
access model
role of knowledge
functionalities]An information system needs to have: [Belk84
document creation
idea processing
models
success adjusting weights
weights and text
weight adjustment
separability
real-world difficulty
genetic algorithm
iterative process
document retrieval
micro, macro, and group
tools and applications
example
HyperTalk
messages
phone number example
dynamic routing
loading database
looping programs
branching
Drexel Disk example
additional knowledge
intelligent textbook
construction kits
weakness
connecting design and argument
definition of large-volume expertext
rules
predicates
agenda mechanism
scheduler structure
I3R system
CODER document sources
menus and hierarchies
use indexing languages
document retrieval
how to evaluate?
hierarchical versus non-hierarchical
lack of transitivity
restrained spreading activation
heuristics
semantic net
constraining activation
endorsements
results
communication
screen
constraints
Quilt
Quilt example
computer supports communication
task monitoring
routing mail
motivation for software engineers
informality
domain knowledge
method knowledge
intelligent notepad
reuse
synergy of intuitive and formal
semantic net patterns
procedures
collaborative_authoring
building networks and natural language processing
role of knowledge bases and text bases
isomorphism
metric
resolution algorithm
logic
procedural taxonomy
adaptive weights
computer-assisted instruction
spreading activation
messaging
extra dimensions
links
definition of text
history
reading and coherence
readability
writing process
layout language
writing tools
logical structure
definition of microtext
levels of description
independent versus embedded semantic net
appropriateness depends on task and user
popular systems
outlines
clear versus implicit structure
traversals
definition of macrotext
history
queries and documents
thesaurus
query logic
word patterns
thesaurus presentation
growth in systems
MEDLINE history
combining micro and macro
macrotext to macrotext
definition of grouptext
compelling argument
databases and social mediation
synchronous communication
physical proximity
annotation
definition of expertext
inheritance
logic
procedures
knowledge sources
intelligent micro-, macro-, and grouptext
software_engineering
society
influence as copying strings
writing for an audience
creating and accessing
hypertext needs special access cues
authoring assistance
history of mass production
cost versus benefit questions]The power of hypertext comes at a price [Scac89
coordination economies
downward mobility
domain-specific help
novel functionality
extend to videos
information explosion
selection and Vannevar Bush
idiosyncratic associations
classification systems needed
guidance on link types
limit the number of link types in one text
virtual structures
new representations are needed
guidance
artificial intelligence versus hypertext
links
tailored to user and situation
extensible like Emacs and HyperCard
Intermedia strengths and weaknesses
text to hypertext
semantic net
writing
creation phases
access through semantic net
collaboration
evaluations
dynamic
hardware and multimedia
future
integrated
influence
other answers are possible
layout
independent versus embedded
natural language
museum layout
visual formalisms
meaning of previous
depth versus breadth
depth-first algorithm
pronoun references
path costs
set and logical operators in queries
a relevance formula
discrimination analysis
hierarchy search benefit
validity of indexing
searching for paragraphs
translations
inconsistency
node types
versions
cooperative database
acetate mode
capitalist versus communist
student collaboration
scientist evaluation
efficiency exceeds one
isomorphism
outline
metric
resolution algorithm
messaging
influence