ÿWPC ãG‚>\3ôE[ n‚†·8´bPþaõÍŠ‚¥,¢Öl­µë¦@mSYW] ‚OöàÈÚó˜”/<Ђ`ùLؘÊ6ÚÐ¥CäÆö¤sÃz<[€´Î»Ezel|É—=ä*ƒ§<ÝU7JÈÌ + yEOEœ.Ô=û[òüáÀ^µ´€XsÙ2 ­ýÓ"÷áÆvZSç¡’rñí£b§rŠ™n~rÅ?|‡Oþ­ÁÔEùiR&‘@•€ºü¬+sÊwaŠ{+ºœFråžv†@YñN"Æ"‹?ÅÀ>í‹•C¡5ÑH¦ÆÏ;» + f”w­kµ'’ê3( R –ÀGhXÕåK‚â—½p-Õ½~¯D—c±„¢™À@ƒóŒkk_GÆFlîuýþccî#F¢ ë«AYÀƒÜ°:_¼K‡ÜÍ° ‘ÒtÊ?Š“Zvýඉ&û¡ÕGCÖk- ë;j Ýyí|BDÏŸËË4Zô,ÄevâIþÝ:GÆqLA+$(ˆð-÷6ëP®c¾”ÙU¡–Z~}£A%7(ÝÀudXÄo>íï41±7¾?3M¿ð1Ä_ÎB“LÈŽŽôw›UŽm±ð Xµ¾Ê-#†vU6ü %2 098qUN€U:ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ 04Æ<Epson LQ-570EPLQ570.PRSòÍòÍ÷@ø]è1+çH2î\  `+Roman 12cpiX(!å$¡¡Ø€,Ø3|xOð@øÐ Z‹6Times New Roman Regular2Ô6X9`+"Courier 12cpi&c$"ð"ðà0 à1, 2, 3,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Ý ƒ!å!ÝØ€,ØÝ  ÝÔ€XõÙXXXÔñNñÔ€XbïXXXõÙÔñNñGeography€111ภàภààhààÀh#ààÀ(ààp-ààÈp2àà È7ààx <àA.€MillerÐ ° ÐFall€1996ÌÌÓ  ÓINTRODUCTIONÌÓEÓÌThis€is€a€course€about€the€earth:€its€composition,€structure,€and€dynamics.ÏAccording€to€the€UMBC€catalogue,€Principles€of€Geology€counts€for€MS€creditÏtoward€graduation€distribution€requirements€„€probably€the€primary€reason€whyÏsome€of€you€have€enrolled€in€the€class€„€but€it€also€has€elements€of€poetry,Ïdrama,€art,€philosophy,€and€language;€as€well€as€mathematics,€physics,Ïbiology,€and€chemistry.€Our€understanding€of€the€way€the€earth€works€is€basedÏin€the€scientific€method€and€requires€that€our€interpretations€be€consistentÏwith€the€fundamental€laws€of€nature.€But€geologists€are€motivated€equally€byÏan€appreciation€for€the€sheer€beauty€of€landscapes,€a€sense€of€awe€at€the€vastÏscope€of€geologic€time,€and€a€healthy€respect€for€the€titanic€forces€at€workÏat€the€earth's€surface€and€in€the€earth's€interior.€They€also€are€notoriousÏfor€their€tendency€to€add€new€terminology€to€the€language,€and€for€this€reasonÏit€is€almost€impossible€to€study€geology€without€having€to€study€a€whole€newÏvocabulary.ÌÌThe€objective€of€the€course€is€to€change€the€way€that€you€think€about€theÏworld€we€live€in.€At€least€once€a€week€and€hopefully€more€often,€I€hope€youÏwill€be€able€to€come€away€from€class€having€been€exposed€to€something€new€thatÏis€either€amazing€or€beautiful€„€but€in€addition€I€want€you€to€be€able€to€fitÏthe€topics€we€discuss€into€a€logical,€coherent€structure.€The€practice€ofÏgeology€is€a€kind€of€detective€work,€requiring€the€geologist€to€construct€aÏstory€that€fits€the€available€fragments€of€evidence.€Ideas€are€refined€byÏrepeated€testing,€which€often€involves€arguments€between€competing€points€ofÏview€at€scientific€conferences€or€out€in€the€field.€The€prerequisites€forÏsuccess€include€a€sense€of€curiosity,€a€good€imagination,€and€a€healthyÏskepticism.€I€don't€expect€you€to€become€a€geologist€as€a€result€of€thisÏcourse,€but€I€hope€you€will€learn€to€appreciate€something€of€the€geologist'sÏview€of€the€world.ÌÌThe€list€of€topics€discussed€in€our€textbook€is€encyclopedic,€as€is€also€trueÏfor€most€basic€geology€textbooks.€There€is€no€way€we€can€possibly€coverÏeverything.€The€syllabus€doesn't€include€the€whole€book€but€it€does€encompassÏa€large€number€of€subjects,€and€the€only€way€to€get€through€everything€on€theÏlist€is€to€proceed€quickly.€Although€the€syllabus€is€ambitious,€I€want€you€toÏunderstand€at€the€beginning€that€it€is€only€a€road€map,€a€plan,€and€not€aÏguarantee.€Rather€than€stay€on€the€expressway,€we€will€occasionally€veer€ontoÏthe€side€roads€and€slow€down€to€take€a€look€at€something€interesting€in€moreÏdetail.€And€at€some€point€during€the€semester€some€new€discovery€or€someÏcatastrophic€geologic€event€may€come€to€our€attention,€and€we€may€choose€toÏfocus€on€this€as€a€learning€opportunity.€If€this€means€that€we€don't€get€toÏeverything€on€the€syllabus,€so€be€it.€I€promise€to€keep€you€informed€withÏregard€to€the€topics€for€which€you€are€responsible€on€exams.€By€the€sameÏtoken,€I€expect€you€to€attend€class€and€to€keep€up€with€assignments.€It€isÏyour€responsibility€to€stay€in€touch€with€where€we€are€in€the€course€and€whatÏwe€are€doing.ÌÌÓ  ÓHow€the€course€worksÌÓ ÓÌThe€basic€structure€of€the€course€is€a€standard€lecture€format€„€in€otherÐ .h)5 Ðwords,€your€primary€responsibility€is€to€attend€lectures,€take€good€notes,Ïread€the€assigned€portions€of€the€textbook€in€a€timely€manner,€ask€questionsÏor€raise€points€in€class,€and€show€up€for€exams.€However€I€find€that€I€amÏincreasingly€dissatisfied€with€the€classical€model€of€the€professor€as€theÏfountain€of€wisdom€and€the€student€as€passive€sponge,€absorbing€knowledge€andÏthen€pouring€it€back€out€onto€the€exam€page.€I€want€you€to€be€actively€engagedÏand€to€be€thinking€critically€about€the€topics€we€cover.€There€is€no€progressÏand€no€real€understanding€in€science€if€we€don't€have€a€willingness€toÏchallenge€assumptions€and€a€desire€to€figure€out€why€something€might€be€trueÏrather€than€simply€accepting€it€as€established€fact.€Although€I€have€notÏreached€the€point€of€completely€changing€the€structure€of€the€course,€I€amÏintroducing€some€elements€that€will€provide€incentive€for€independent€thoughtÏand€creativity.€(These€are€discussed€below.)ÌÌAt€the€beginning€of€each€class€period€we€will€reserve€a€few€minutes€to€answerÏquestions€that€may€have€occurred€to€you€following€the€previous€class€orÏresulting€from€the€discussion€of€topics€you€came€across€in€the€textbook.€InÏaddition€we€will€also€take€the€opportunity€to€discuss€anything€new€andÏinteresting€that€any€of€us€may€have€come€across€by€reading€newspapers€orÏmagazines,€listening€to€the€news,€or€surfing€the€World€Wide€Web€(more€aboutÏthis€a€little€later).€Pay€attention€to€the€news€and€read€at€least€one€dailyÏnewspaper;€you€may€be€amazed€at€how€often€you€come€across€items€of€geologicalÏinterest.ÌÌA€word€about€note„takingÌÌNote„taking€is€an€art€that€you€may€not€yet€have€mastered,€but€you€have€to€takeÏit€seriously.€€Past€experience€indicates€that€many€students€who€have€troubleÏin€this€class€are€not€taking€adequate€notes.€€To€do€this€takes€practice€andÏconcentration,€and€it€often€has€a€critical€effect€on€your€final€grade,€soÏplease€take€my€advice:€òòò òif€your€notes€contain€only€what€I€have€written€on€theÐ  p Ðboard,€you€have€missed€most€of€the€content€of€the€lectureóóó ó.€€Every€semester€IÐ è8 Ðtalk€with€students€who€have€gotten€a€D€or€an€F€on€the€first€exam€who€clearlyÏhave€not€been€taking€adequate€notes.€I€use€the€board€to€illustrate€and€toÏpunctuate€the€ideas€I€am€trying€to€get€across,€but€much€of€the€explanation€isÏin€my€ò òspokenó ó€words.€€If€all€you€do€is€to€copy€what€I€write€on€the€board,€youÐ  X# Ðare€going€to€have€a€terrible€time€making€sense€out€of€it€three€weeks€laterÏwhen€you€have€forgotten€I€actually€transpired€in€class.€You€should€write€downÏeverything€that€might€be€helpful€in€interpreting€the€subject€matter€later€on.€ÏIt€is€also€helpful€to€go€over€your€notes€the€night€after€the€lecture€and€fillÏin€any€details€you€may€have€missed;€you€may€find€it€helpful€to€copy€them€overÏand€fill€in€any€gaps€or€correct€any€points€that€seem€inconsistent.ÌÌAsk€questions!ÌÌIf€something€I€say€in€class€doesn't€make€sense€to€you,€raise€your€hand€and€askÏa€question.€If€I€go€over€a€point€too€quickly,€tell€me€and€I€will€go€over€itÏagain.€€If€you€have€a€problem€with€something€I've€said,€chances€are€thatÏseveral€other€people€have€the€same€problem.€€If€students€don't€speak€up€I€haveÏno€way€of€knowing€whether€they€understand€what's€going€on.€€Make€your€voiceÏheard;€it€can't€hurt€you€and€it€may€help€you.€€ÌÌò òI€have€regularly€scheduled€office€hours€and€you€are€encouraged€to€come€in€andÐ P- (4 Ðask€questions€about€any€topic.€ó óThis€may€or€may€not€be€something€covered€inÐ .h)5 Ðclass€or€the€textbook;€you€may€even€be€looking€for€some€guidance€with€regardÏto€future€courses,€decisions€about€your€major,€career€plans,€etc.€Try€to€letÏme€know€you€are€coming€ahead€of€time€so€that€I€can€make€sure€that€time€isÏavailable€to€discuss€your€concerns.€Don't€wait€until€after€an€exam;Ïparticularly€if€you€are€having€difficulty,€it's€much€better€to€ask€for€help€inÏtime€to€do€something€about€it.ÌÌExamsÌÌThe€major€part€of€your€grade€will€depend€on€your€performance€on€three€exams€„Ïtwo€during€the€regular€semester€and€one€during€final€exam€period.€The€finalÏwill€not€be€comprehensive€but€will€instead€cover€only€the€last€1/3€of€theÏcourse.€Exams€will€consist€mostly€of€short„answer,€mostly€multiple„choiceÏquestions.€Exams€will€be€based€on€readings€and€on€material€covered€inÏlectures.€ÌÌIf€you€are€not€able€to€take€an€exam€you€must€call€me€before€the€exam€is€givenÏto€let€me€know€that€you€have€a€problem;€any€exceptions€will€be€dealt€with€on€aÏcase„by„case€basis€and€there€is€no€guarantee€that€you€will€be€allowed€to€makeÏup€the€exam€if€you€do€not€give€me€some€prior€warning.€Makeups€will€be€given€inÏcase€of€illness,€family€emergency,€or€in€cases€where€you€can€demonstrate€thatÏyou€are€unable€to€be€in€class.€I€will€make€every€effort€to€accommodate€yourÏneeds€if€you€have€a€legitimate€problem€or€conflict€and€if€you€take€someÏresponsibility€for€the€situation€by€keeping€me€informed.ÌÌStudying€for€examsÌÌAlthough€some€memorization€of€basic€facts€cannot€be€avoided,€in€many€cases€youÏneed€to€know€the€how€and€why€and€you€need€to€be€able€to€reason€your€wayÏthrough€a€question€in€order€to€figure€out€which€answer€is€correct.€€Read€theÏquestions€carefully€and€put€some€thought€into€your€answers,€and€you€will€standÏa€much€better€chance€of€success.€€ò òI€often€find€that€students€pick€the€wrongÐ è8 Ðanswer€simply€because€they€didn't€read€the€question€carefully€enoughó ó.€€Also,Ð °  Ðwhen€studying,€keep€in€mind€the€following:€€ò òthe€best€indication€of€whether€youÐ xÈ! Ðunderstand€a€topic€is€your€ability€to€explain€it€to€someone€elseó ó.€€For€most€ofÐ @" Ðthe€material€covered€in€this€class,€I€find€that€students€who€can€explain€how€aÏprocess€works€are€able€to€answer€any€questions€I€might€ask.€€Students€who€tryÏto€memorize€facts€without€really€understanding€what€they€are€memorizing€areÏlikely€to€run€into€trouble.€You€would€be€well€advised€to€find€someone€else€toÏstudy€with,€or€at€least€to€find€someone€else€who€is€willing€to€listen€to€yourÏexplanations€while€you€are€studying.ÌÌThe€"unanswered€question"ÌÌFormal€credit€will€be€given€for€an€element€of€the€class€that€I€refer€to€asÏ"the€unanswered€question."€Here's€how€it€works:ÌÌFor€each€chapter€or€topic€listed€on€the€syllabus,€any€student€in€the€courseÏhas€the€opportunity€to€identify€a€question€that,€in€his€or€her€opinion,€left€aÏquestion€of€some€interest€unanswered.€If€you€choose€to€participate,€you€willÏwrite€up€a€discussion€of€about€a€paragraph€in€length,€in€which€you€pose€theÏquestion€and€explain€why€you€believe€the€treatment€in€the€textbook€or€in€classÏwas€insufficient€to€satisfy€your€curiosity.€€Any€bona€fide€effort€will€earnÏthe€equivalent€of€two€points€on€a€100„point€exam.€(By€"bona€fide€effort"€IÐ .h)5 Ðmean€a€question€and€discussion€that€clearly€results€from€serious€thoughtÏinformed€by€having€actually€read€the€material€and€paid€attention€in€class.)ÏThis€means€that€in€15€weeks€you€have€the€opportunity€to€gain€up€to€30€pointsÏin€extra€credit€(I€haven't€checked€to€see€whether€that's€the€exact€number€ofÏtopics€or€chapters,€but€it's€close).€€Furthermore,€if€you€choose€to€pursue€theÏtopic€further,€you€may€elect€to€look€through€the€library,€journal€articles,€orÏsites€on€the€World€Wide€Web€in€an€effort€to€provide€some€insight€on€possibleÏanswers€to€your€question.€This€may€gain€you€additional€credit;€the€exactÏamount€will€depend€on€the€quality€of€the€effort€involved.€ÌÌThe€ground€rules€are€simple:€the€question€has€to€be€turned€in€no€later€thanÏthe€week€after€we€have€covered€the€topic€in€class,€and€no€questions€will€beÏaccepted€after€the€last€regularly€scheduled€class€period€at€the€end€of€theÏsemester.€If€you€want€to€gain€substantial€credit€in€this€way,€the€only€way€toÏdo€it€is€to€work€on€it€steadily€throughout€the€semester.€Although€I€willÏaccept€submissions€on€paper€(typed€only,€no€handwritten€entries€on€linedÏpaper!),€I€encourage€you€to€submit€your€question€(and€any€additionalÏcommentary)€as€a€posting€to€the€electronic€newgroup€that€has€been€set€up€forÏthis€course.ÌÌField€tripsÌÌMost€of€our€understanding€of€earth€processes€and€earth€history€is€rooted€inÏobservations€made€outdoors,€in€the€real€world.€Unfortunately€I€have€neitherÏthe€time€nor€the€resources€to€take€100€students€on€a€series€of€excursionsÏthroughout€the€semester,€and€therefore€we€have€to€rely€primarily€on€textÏmaterials,€photographs,€and€diagrams€shown€in€the€lecture€hall.€However€I€willÏtry€to€schedule€at€least€one€day„long€field€trip,€recognizing€that€only€someÏfraction€of€the€class€will€be€able€to€attend.€Even€if€you€can't€come€along€onÏthis€trip,€I€encourage€you€to€make€excursions€of€your€own€and€I€will€grantÏcredit€to€anyone€who€visits€a€site€of€geologic€interest,€does€some€backgroundÏresearch€about€the€significant€aspects€of€the€site,€makes€his€or€her€ownÏobservations,€and€writes€up€a€report€describing€what€was€observed€and€how€itÏrelates€either€to€material€in€the€textbook€or€to€the€other€literatureÏconsulted€for€background€information.€I€will€provide€a€list€of€possible€sitesÏyou€might€visit,€but€you€are€at€liberty€to€pick€other€locations€as€well.€YouÏmay€want€to€consult€with€me€ahead€of€time,€just€to€let€me€know€what€you€haveÏin€mind€before€you€actually€do€it.€The€report€need€not€be€longer€than€aboutÏtwo€pages,€but€it€should€include€complete€citations€for€any€literatureÏconsulted€and€it€would€be€useful€to€include€a€picture€you€took€at€the€site.ÏThis€report€is€worth€10€exam€points€and€possibly€more€if€it€is€a€reallyÏimpressive€piece€of€work.ÌÌE„mail,€newgroups,€and€the€World€Wide€WebÌÌThe€availability€of€computer€technology€is€rapidly€bringing€about€a€revolutionÏin€communications€and€transfer€of€information,€and€if€you€haven't€yet€learnedÏhow€to€take€advantage€of€it,€this€is€your€opportunity.€If€you€don't€yet€haveÏan€account€on€the€university's€computer€system,€you€should€go€over€to€one€ofÏthe€student€labs€in€the€Engineering/Computer€Science€building€and€ask€how€toÏget€one€„€it's€extremely€simple€to€do.€Once€you€have€an€account,€youÏautomatically€have€access€to€Pine,€the€standard€email€program€on€campus,€andÏyou€can€very€easily€learn€how€to€use€it.€Within€Pine€you€have€the€capabilityÏof€subscribing€to€any€of€a€wide€variety€of€newsgroups€that€have€been€set€upÐ .h)5 Ðfor€people€who€have€mutual€interests€in€a€particular€topic;€you€shouldÏsubscribe€to€the€newsgroup€for€this€class:ÌÌà° àà` àumbc.course.geog111ÌÌBy€doing€so,€you€can€read€any€of€the€messages€posted€by€the€instructor€or€byÏother€students,€and€you€can€post€your€own€messages€to€pose€a€question€or€makeÏa€comment,€ask€for€help€or€advice,€complain€about€something€that€irritatesÏyou,€or€respond€to€someone€else's€message.€(Keep€in€mind€that€anyone€who€wantsÏto€can€read€your€message€„€so€try€not€to€embarass€yourself€with€temperÏtantrums,€obscenities,€or€messages€loaded€with€spelling€errors.)€There€is€noÏsuch€thing€as€a€stupid€question,€so€long€as€it's€something€you€really€want€toÏknow€about.€If€you€have€a€question€that€you€would€rather€not€post€to€theÏnewsgroup,€you€can€also€send€email€to€me€directly.€Of€course€you€can€also€callÏme€or€talk€to€me€before€or€after€class€or€in€my€office,€but€if€your€questionÏhas€to€do€with€a€technical€topic€you€can€make€a€permanent€record€of€myÏresponse€when€you€use€email.ÌÌIf€you€don't€have€a€computer€at€home€with€a€modem,€you€can€log€in€to€yourÏaccount€from€one€of€the€student€labs€on€campus€and€make€use€of€thisÏcapability.€If€you€do€have€a€computer€with€a€modem,€you€can€do€this€from€homeÏwhenever€you€want€to.€Just€call€the€help€desk€(x3838)€if€you€need€advice€onÏhow€to€get€connected€either€on€campus€or€at€home.ÌÌA€better€alternative€than€Pine€is€to€use€a€World€Wide€Web€browser€such€asÏNetscape.€This€is€available€from€all€of€the€computer€labs€on€campus€and€youÏcan€also€set€it€up€at€home€without€having€to€purchase€any€software,€so€long€asÏyour€computer€is€capable€of€running€it.€Again,€ask€University€ComputingÏServices€about€how€to€do€this€if€you€don't€already€know.€If€you€are€runningÏNetscape,€you€can€access€an€incredible€range€of€information€from€sites€allÏaround€the€world,€and€those€sites€include€graphic€images€and€photographs€asÏwell€as€text.€Some€of€them€even€provide€video€or€audio€clips,€although€thoseÏwill€download€much€more€slowly.€Best€of€all,€you€can€also€access€the€newgroupÏfrom€Netscape,€and€any€web€site€listed€in€a€newsgroup€message€you€are€readingÏcan€be€visited€just€by€clicking€on€the€address€with€your€mouse.€I€will€postÏaddresses€for€interesting€sites€that€are€relevant€to€different€parts€of€theÏcourse€and€I€encourage€you€to€visit€them€and€to€post€messages€with€your€ownÏcomments.€At€the€end€of€the€semester€I€will€take€this€kind€of€classÏparticipation€into€account€when€awarding€a€final€grade.€You€will€also€findÏthat€your€explorations€of€some€of€these€sites€will€really€bring€to€life€someÏof€the€topics€discussed€in€class€and€will€probably€help€you€to€do€better€onÏexams.ÌñOñÐ  €%Ð * ÐñOñ