Welcome to Prof. Choa research group

Rounded Rectangle: Welcome to Choa’s Lab!

PUBLICATIONS:

Refereed Journal Papers:

1. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, "Cascade homojunction avalanche photodiodes," Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol. 7, pp. 1-15, 1988.

2. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, "Broadband ultrafast pulse generation from synchronously pumped dye lasers" Optics Lett., vol. 13, pp. 743-745, 1988.

3. J. P. Zheng, L. Shi, F. S. Choa, P. L. Liu, H. S. Kwok, "Intensity-dependent photoluminescence spectra of semiconductor-doped glasses," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 53, pp. 643-645, 1988.

4. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, "Dual wavelength tunable IR dye laser system synchronously pumped by a Nd: YAG laser," Appl. Optics, vol. 28, pp. 2990-2993, 1989.

5. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, "Continuous-wave synchronously pumped femtosecond dye laser at 1.3 m," Optics Lett., vol. 14, pp. 222-223, 1989.

6. T. L. Koch, F. S. Choa, F. Heismann, U. Koren, 'Tunable multiple-quantum-well distributed-Bragg-reflector lasers as tunable narrowband receivers," Electron. Lett., vol. 25, pp. 890-892, 1989.

7. F. S. Choa, T. L. Koch, U. Koren, B. I. Miller, "Optoelectronic properties of InGaAs/InGaAsP multiple-quantum-well waveguide detectors," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 376-378, 1989.

8. T. L. Koch, U. Koren, R. P. Gnall, F. S. Choa, F. Hernandez-Gil, C. A. Burrus, M. G. Young, M. Oron, B. 1. Miller, "GaInAs/GaInAsP multiple-quantum-well integrated heterodyne receiver," Electron Lett., vol. 25, pp. 1621-1623, 1989.

9. T. L. Koch, F. S. Choa, U. Koren, R. P. Gnall, F. Hemandez-Gil, C. A. Burrus, M. G. Young, M. Oron, B. 1. Miller, "Balanced operation of a GaInAs/GaInAsP multiple-quantum-well integrated heterodyne receiver," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 2, pp. 577-581, 1990.

10. F. S. Choa, T. L. Koch, U. Koren, and C. A. Burrus, "Novel optical power controlled oscillator with multigigahertz oscillation frequency range," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 57, pp. 2060-2063,1990.

11. F. S. Choa, and T. L. Koch, "Static and dynamical characteristics of narrowband tunable resonant amplifiers as active filters and receivers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 9, pp. 73-78, 1991. 12. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, N. T. Ha, "Zinc-doping of InP during chemical beam epitaxy using diethylzinc," J. of Electronic Materials, vol. 7, pp. 54l -544, 1991.

13. F. S. Choa, Y. H. Lee, B. Tell, T. L. Koch, C. A- Burrus, J. L. Jewell, R. Leibengath, "High speed modulation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser," Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 3, pp. 697-699, 1991.

14. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, A. M. Sergent, P. F. Sciortino, Jr., "Very low threshold single quantum well graded index separated confinement heterostructure (GRINSCH) InGaAs/InGaAsP lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 58, pp. 2610-2612, 1991.

15. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, T. Tanbun-Ek, A- M. Sergent, "All gaseous doping during chemical beam epitaxy growth of InGaAs/InGaAsP multi-quantum well lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 59, pp. 1008-1010, 1991.

16. S. Chandrasekhar, A. H. Gnauck, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, and G. J. Qua, "A monolithic 5 Gb/s pin/HBT integrated photoreceiver circuit from chemical beam epitaxy material," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 3, pp. 823-825, 1991.

17. K. -Y. Liou, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, E. C. Burrows, G. Raybon, and C. A. Burrus, "Low threshold and high temperature operation of 1.55 m self-aligned ridge-waveguide multiple quantum well lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 59, pp. 3381-3383, 1991.

18. R. Kuchibhotla, J. C. Campbell, C. Tsai, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, "InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs SAGM avalanche photodiode with a delta-doped multiplication region," Electron. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 1361-1363, 1991.

19. F. S. Choa, K. Tai, W. T. Tsang, S. N. G. Chu, "High reflectivity 1.55 m InP/InGaAsP Bragg mirror grown by chemical beam epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 59, pp. 2820-2822, 1991.

20. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, N. T. Ha “Zinc-doping of InP during chemical beam epitaxy using diethylzinc”, Journal of Electronic materials, vol. 20, pp. 541-544, 1991.

21. K. Tai, F. S. Choa, W. T- Tsang, S. N. G. Chu, J. D. Wynn, "Room temperature photopumped 1.5 m quantum well surface emitting lasers with InGaAsP/InP distributed Bragg reflectors," Electron. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 1540-1542, 1991.

22. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, T. Tanbun-Ek, S. N. G. Chu, K. Tai, A. M. Sergent, and K. W. Wecht, "1.5 m wavelength InGaAs/InGaAsP distributed feedback multi-quantum well lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 59, pp. 2375-2377, 1991.

23. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, T. Tanbun-Ek, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, A. M. Sergent, and K. W. Wecht, "1.3 m InGaAsP/InP multi-quantum well buried heterostructure lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett,, vol. 59, 3084-3086, 1991.

24. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, T. Tanbun-Ek, A. M. Sergent, and K. W. Wecht, "Reduced temperature dependence of threshold current by broadband enhanced feedback: a new approach and demonstration," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 18-20, 1992.

25. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, A. M. Sergent, C. A. Burrus, "Long wavelength InGaAsP/InP distributed feedback lasers incorporating gain-coupled mechanism," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 212-214, 1992.

26. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, S. N. G. Chu, A- M. Sergent, and C. A. Burrus, " Semiconductor distributed feedback lasers with quantum well or superlattice gratings for index or gain-coupled optical feedback," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 2580-2582, 1992.

27. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, R- P. Gnall, U. Koren, T. L- Koch, C. A. Burrus, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, P. F. Sciortino, A. M. Sergent, P. J. Corvini "very high side-mode-suppression-ratio distributed-Bragg-reflector lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy," Electron. Lett., vol. 28, pp. 1001-1002, 1992.

28. R. M. Kapre, W. T. Tsang, Y. K. Chen, M. C. Wu, M. A. Chin, F. S. Choa, "Chemical beam epitaxy of GaInP on GaAs(110) substrates and its application to 0.98 m lasers," J. Crystal Growth, vol. 124, pp. 176-180, 1992.

29. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, R- P. Gnall, T. L. Koch, C. A. Burrus, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. M. Kapre, "InGaAs/InGaAsP integrated tunable detector grown by chemical beam epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 63, pp. 1836-1838, 1993.

30. S. N. G. Chu, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A, Logan, E. J. Flynn, D. L. Coblentz, "Elimination of light scattering from grating irregularities by using a quantum well grating in index or gain-coupled distributed feedback lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 63, pp. 1886-1888, 1993.

31. W. T. Tsang, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, S. N. G. Chu, A. M. Sergent, P. Magill, K. C. Reichmann, and C. A. Burrus, "Long wavelength InGaAsP/InP distributed feedback lasers and distributed Bragg reflector lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy," IEEE J. Quantum Electron, vol. 30, pp. 1370-1380, 1994

32. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, R. M. Kapre, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, "Packaging relaxed semiconductor lasers with diluted waveguide structure," Electron. Lett., vol. 31, pp. 1058-1060, 1995.

33. P-L. Liu, Q. Zhao, F. S. Choa, "The slow-wave finite-difference beam propagation method," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 890-892, 1995.

34. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, J. Y. Fan, G. J. Simonis, P. -L. Liu, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, A. M. Sergent, "Very low threshold long-wavelength grating-coupled surface-emitting-lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, pp. 2777-2779, 1995.

35. F. S. Choa, H. J. Chao, "On the optically transparent WDM ATM Multicast (3M) switches", Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol. 15, pp. 109-123, 1996

36. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, A. R. Toppozada, M. Block, M. E. Eldefravi, "A light emitting diode improves evanescent excitation of a fiber optic cocaine biosensor", Analyt. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 29-33, 1996.

37. D. L. Butler, P. S. Cho, M. W. Chbat, J. Goldhar, F. S. Choa, G. L. Burdge, "Operation of a nonlinear optical loop mirror with orthogonally polarized waves in nonpolarization-preserving, single-mode fiber," IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 779-781, 1996.

38. F. S. Choa, J. Y. Fan, P. -L. Liu, J. Sipior, G. Rao, G. M. Carter, Y. J. Chen, “Time resolved spectra study of GaN light emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 3668-3670, 1996.

39. J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, P. S. Cho, J. S. Way, J. Goldhar, D. L. Butler, G. L. Burdge, “the gain decompression effect and its applications to very fast wavelength conversions,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. Vol. 9, pp. 755-757, 1997.

40. J. Busrur, F. S. Choa, P. -L. Liu, J. Sipior, G. Rao, G. M. Carter, Y. J. Chen, “The process and efficiency of ultraviolet generation from GaN blue light emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 71, pp. 1385-1387, 1997.

41. M. H. Shih, L. Wang, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, "Integrated Coherent Transceivers for Broadband Access Networks," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 9, pp. 1526-1528, 1997.

42. J. H. Chen, Y. Chai, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “WDM channel monitoring and signal power control/equalization using integrated tunable active filters,” Electronic Letters, vol. 34, pp. 1411-1413, 1998.

43. Y. Zhao, C. Su, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, “Wavelength tuning of ½-rational harmonically mode-locked pulses in a cavity-dispersive fiber laser,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 73, 1998.

44. L. M. Wang, J. H. Chen, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “Simple-structure integrated coherent transciever with novel counter-receiving heterodyne detection scheme”, Electronic Letters, vol. 35, pp. 385-386, 1999.

45. Y. Zhao, X. J. Zhao, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, “A novel bidirectional add/drop module using wavelength grating routers and wavelength channel matched fiber grating”, IEEE Photonic Technolgy Letters, vol 11, pp. 1180-1182, 1999.

46. Liming Wang, Fow-Sen Choa, Jye-Hong Chen, Yanjie Chai, Mei-Hao Shih, “Counter-receiving heterodyne detection with an integrated coherent transceiver and its applications in bandwidth-on-demand access networks”, IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 17, pp. 1724-1731, Oct. 1999.

47. F. S. Choa and H. J. Chao, “All-optical packet routing – architecture and implementation”, Invited paper, Photonic Network Communications, vol. 1.4, pp. 303-311, 1999.

48. H. J. Chao, Z. Zhang, L. Wu, S. H. Wang, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, J. Fan, F. S. Choa, “A photonic ATM front-end processor in a WDM ATM multicast switch,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 18, pp. 273-285, 2000.

49. C. C. Wang, S. B. Trivedi, F Jin, J. Khurgin, D Temple, U. Hommerich, E Gad, F. S. Choa, Y-S. Wu, A Corder, “Interferometer-Less Coherent Optical Range Finder”, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, pp. 666-672, 2001.

50. X Wang, F-S. Choa, F Liu, T. L. Worchersky, “Evidence of exciton recombination at very high temperature in InGaN”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 89, pp. 6218-6222, 2001.

51. X. Xie, J. Khurgin, J Kang, F. S. Choa, “ Linear optical frequency discriminator”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 384-386, 2002.

52. X. Zhao and F. S. Choa, “ Demonstration of 10 Gb/s transmissions over a 1.5 km long multimode fiber using equalization techniques”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 1187-1189, 2002.

53. X. Xie, J. Khurgin, J Kang, F. S. Choa, “Ring-assisted frequency discriminator with improved linearity”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp.1136-1138, 2002.

53. X. Xie, J. Khurgin, J Kang, F. S. Choa, “Ring-assisted frequency discriminator with improved linearity”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp.1136-1138, 2002.

54. Y. Zhao, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, “Intraband-Crosstalk Free Add/Drop Module for Wavelength Division Multiplexed Networks,” Journal of Optical communications, 23, pp. 807, 2002

55. Xiaobo Xie, Jacob B. Khurgin, and Fow-San Choa, “Suppression of Spurious Intensity Modulation in Frequency-Modulated Semiconductor Lasers”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 9, pp. 1294-1299, Sep./Oct. 2003.

56. X. Xie, J. B. Khurgin, F-S Choa, J. U. Kang, “Linearized Ring-Assisted Mach-Zehnder Intensity Modulator”, Photon. Tech. Lett., 15, 531, 2003

57. Jie Lin, Junping Zhang, and Fow-Sen Choa, X. Zhao, J Khurgin, “A Low-Crosstalk Semiconductor Optical Amplifier”, IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 392-394, 2004.

58. Jie Lin, Andreas Leven, N. G. Weimann, Y. Yang, R. F. Kopf, R. Reyes, Y. K. Chen, and Fow-sen Choa, “Smooth and vertical-sidewall InP etching using Cl2/N2 inductively coupled plasma,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 22, 510, 2004.

59. G. Ru, J. Yan, X. Yu, F-S. Choa, “Robust Buried-Rib Semiconductor Laser with High Fiber Coupling Efficiency and Alignment Tolerance”, Electronics Letters vol. 40, p1538-1539, 2004.

60. Jie Lin, Andreas Leven, N. G. Weimann, Y. Yang, R. F. Kopf, R. Reyes, Y. K. Chen, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Smooth and vertical-sidewall InP etching using Cl2/N2 inductively coupled plasma,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 22, pp: 510, 2004.

61. F. -S. Choa, X. Yu, J. Lin, X. Zhao, J. P. Zhang, Y. Gu, Guansong Zhang, Longjun Li, Huiping Xiang, Haldun Hadimioglu, and H. Jonathan Chao, “An Optical Packet Switch Based on WDM Technologies”, IEEE, J. of Lightwave Technol., Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 994-1015, Mar. 2005.

62. Xiaobo Xie, Jacob Khurgin, Fow-Sen Choa, Xiuqin Yu, Jason Cai, Jingzhou Yan, Xiaoming Ji, Yonglin Gu, Yun Fang, Yang Sun, and Zhibao Chen, “A model for optimization of the performance of frequency-modulated DFB semiconductor laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 473-483, Apr. 2005.

63. G. Ru, X. Yu, Z. Chen, J Zhang, J Lin, F. S. Choa, “Material Quality Improvements of Ultra-Broadband Gain Materials Grown by Selective-Area-Growth Techniques,” Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 285, Issue 4, pp. 493-499, Dec. 15, 2005.

64. Jie Lin, Andreas Leven, R. Reyes, Y. K. Chen, and Fow-sen Choa, “Optical waveguide loss caused by metal film,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B.23, pp: 1361. July, 2005.

65. J. Cai, F. S. Choa and J Fan, “Very Low Threshold, Carrier-Confined Semiconductor Lasers by A Single Selective Area Growth”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 88, 171110, 2006.

66. Jingzhou Yan, Jianxin Cai, Guoyun Ru, Xiuqin Yu, J. Fan, and Fow-Sen Choa, “InGaAsP/InP Dual Wavelength Bipolar Cascade Lasers’, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol. 18, pp. 1777- 1779 Aug.15, 2006.

67. Zhijun Liu, Daniel Wasserman, Scott S. Howard, Anthony J. Hoffman, Claire F. Gmachl, Xiaojun Wang, Tawee Tanbun-Ek, Liwei Cheng, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Room Temperature Continuous-wave Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by MOCVD without Lateral Regrowth”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 18, pp. 1347-1349, 2006.

68. X. J. Wang, J. Y. Fan, and T. Tanbun-Ek, F.-S. Choa, “Low threshold quantum-cascade lasers of room temperature continuous-wave operation grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, pp. 211103, 2007.

69. Zhijun Liu, Claire F. Gmachl, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, Fred J. Towner, Xiaojun Wang, and Jenyu Fan, “Temperature Dependence of Optical Gain and Loss in λ~8.2-10.2µm Quantum-Cascade Lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum. Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 485-492, May 2008.

70. Hoffman Anthony J.; Sridhar Aishwarya; Braun Phillip X.; Alekseyev Leonid; Howard Scott S.; Franz Kale J.; Cheng Liwei; Choa Fow-Sen; Sivco Deborah L.; Podolskiy Viktor A.; Narimanov Evgenii E.; Gmachl Claire, Midinfrared semiconductor optical metamaterials Journal of Applied Physics; vol. 105, issue. 12, pp. 122411-122417, 2009

71. Ribaudo T.; Shaner E. A.; Howard S. S.; Gmachl C.; Wang X. J.; Choa F.-S.; Wasserman D. Active control and spatial mapping of mid-infrared propagating surface plasmons Optics Express; vol. 17, issue 9. pp. 7019 – 7024, 2009

72. M. Jang, R.W. Adams, J.X. Chen, W.O. Charles, C. Gmachl, L.W. Cheng, F.-S. Choa, and M.A. Belkin, "Room-temperature operation of 3.6mum InGaAs/AlInAs quantum cascade laser sources based on intracavity second harmonic generation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 141103, 2010.

73. M.-W. Chu, S. C. Liou, C.-P. Chang, F.-S. Choa, and C. H. Chen, “Emergent Chemical Mapping at Atomic-Column Resolution by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy in an Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscope”, Physics Review Lett., vol. 104, 196101-1-4, 2010.

74. R. A. Flynn, C. S. Kim, I. Vurgaftman, M. Kim, J. R. Meyer, A. J. Mäkinen, K. Bussmann, L. Cheng, F.-S. Choa, and J. P. Long, “A room-temperature semiconductor spaser operating near 1.5 μm,” Optical Express, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 8954-8961, April 2011.

75. Dingkai Guo, Liwei Cheng, Xing Chen, Fow-Sen Choa, Jenyu Fan, and Terry Worchesky, “Electrical derivative measurement of quantum cascade lasers”, Journal. of Appl. Phys., vol. 109, 043105-1-3, 2011

76. Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Douglas Janssen, Jenyu Fan, Fred Towner, Fow-Sen Choa, "Analysis of InP regrowth on deep-etched mesas and structural characterization for buried-heterostructure quantum cascade laser," Journal of Electronic Materials, Oct. 27, 2011 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-011-1793-8.

77. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Yordan Kostov, and Fow-Sen Choa,“Quantum cascade laser based standoff photoacoustic chemical detection”, Optical Express, Vol. 19, No. 21, pp. 20251- 20257, October 2011.

78. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Alexey Belyanin and Fow-Sen Choa, “Mid-IR Optical Amplification and Detection Using Quantum Cascade Lasers”, Submitted to IEEE Photonic Technology Letters. Sep, 2012

78. Xing Chen,Dingkai Guo,Fow-Sen Choa,Chen-Chia Wang,Sudhir Trivedi,Jenyu Fan, “Standoff photoacoustic detection of explosives using quantum cascade lasers and ultra-sensitive microphones”, Applied Optics, Vol. 52, Iss. 12, pp. 2626–2632, 2013.

79. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Alexey Belyanin,and Fow-Sen Choa, "Mid-IR Optical Amplification and Detection using Quantum Cascade Lasers", Optical Express, Vol. 21, Issue 25, pp. 30545-30552 (2013).

80. Dingkai Guo, Hong Cai, Muhammad Anisuzzaman Talukder, Xing Chen,Anthony M. Johnson, Jacob B. Khurgin and Fow-Sen Choa, " Near-infrared induced optical quenching effects on mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers, "Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 251102, 2014.

81. Hong Cai, Sheng Liu, Elaine Lalanne, Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Xiaojun Wang, Fow-Sen Choa, and Anthony M. Johnson, "Femtosecond measurements of near-infrared pulse induced mid-infrared transmission modulation of quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 211101, 2014.

82. David Eisen, Kevin Zhang, Linh Pham, Fow-Sen Choa, Nicole Armstrong, Phillip Aye, Ricardo Aye, George Bennett, Robert Hawthorne, Huguens Jean, Kimberly Brown, “ Power Delivery Studies of Windbelt Generators With Different Architectures”, Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, vol. 8. pp. 1942-1951, Dec. 2014.

83. Xiaoming Du , Fow-Sen Choa , Ann Summerfelt , Malle A. Tagamets, Laura M. Rowland, Peter Kochunov, Paul Shepard, L. Elliot Hong, “Neural Summation in Human Motor Cortex by Subthreshold Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations”, Experimental Brain Research, DOI 10.1007/s00221-014-4146-z, Jan. 2015.

84. Yuchao Jiang, Lu Li, Hao Ye, Rui, Yang, Tetsuya Mishima, Michael Santos, Matthew Johnson, Jui-Yang Feng, Fow-Sen Choa, "InAs-Based Single-Mode Distributed-Feedback Interband Cascade Lasers," IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 51, No. 9, Paper 2300307, Sep. 2015

85. Dingkai Guo, Jiun-Yun Li, Liwei Cheng, Xing Chen, Terry Worchesky, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Widely tunable integrated mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers using super-structure grating reflectors”, MDPI - Photonics, 3(2), 25, paper 127585, doi: 10.3390/photonics3020025, May 2016.

86. N.B. Singh, Ching-Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, Teja Nagaradona, "Effect of impurities and growth parameters on the quality of Tl3AsSe3 optical crystal", Optical Materials, vol. 60 (2016) pp. 81-85. doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.07.009

87. N.B. Singh, Ching-Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, "Optical and morphological characteristics of zinc selenide-zinc sulfide solid solution crystals", Optical Materials vol. 60, (2016) pp. 474-480. doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.08.031

88. Xiaoming Du, Laura M. Rowland, Ann Summerfelt, Joshua Chiappelli, Fow-Sen Choa, Peter Kochunov, L. Elliot Hong, "N100 as a Generic Cortical Electrophysiological Marker Based on Decomposition of TMS Evoked Potentials across Five Anatomic Locations", Experimental Brain Research, Volume 235, Issue 1, pp 69–81, January 2017.

89. Narsingh Bahadur Singh ; Christopher Cooper ; Pietro Strobbia ; Narasimha Prasad ; Ching Hua Su ; Bradley Arnold ; Fow-Sen Choa, "Nanomorphology and performance of pure and doped lead selenide for infrared detector", Opt. Eng. 56(7), 077106 (Jul 19, 2017).

doi:10.1117/1.OE.56.7.077106

Refereed Conference Papers:

1. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, "Low noise GaAs avalanche photodiodes: a new device structure," paper TQ28, Optical Fiber Communication / Integrated Optics and Optical fiber communication (OFC/IOOC), 1987.

2. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, "General consideration for the design of low noise multistage avalanche photodiodes," paper W148, Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics (CLEO), 1987.

3. H. S. Kwok, J. P. Zheng, L. Shi, F. S. Choa, P. L. Liu, "Intensity-dependent photoluminescence spectra of semiconductor-doped glasses," paper WQ4, CLEO, 1988.

4. F. S. Choa, G. W. Burr, P. L. Liu, "Gain curve manipulation: a new approach to generate broadband pulses," paper ME7, OSA Annual meeting, 1988.

5. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, "Continuous-wave synchronously pumped Q-switch No. 5 dye laser," paper ME9, OSA Annual meeting, 1988.

6. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, 'k-ratio improvement by-a sharp p-n junction," paper THAA5, OSA Annual meeting, 1988.

7. T. L. Koch, F. S. Choa, F. Heismann, U. Koren, "Tunable multiple-quantum-well distributed-Bragg-reflector lasers as tunable narrowband receivers," postdeadline paper PD 1, Integrated and Guide-Wave Optics (IGWO), 1989.

8. F. S. Choa, Y. Liu, P. L. Liu, "Continuous-wave synchronously pumped No. 5 dye laser," paper WF48, CLEO, 1989.

9. F. S. Choa, T. L. Koch, U. Koren, B. 1. Miller, 'Optoelectronic properties of InGaAs/InGaAsP multiple-quantum-well waveguide detectors," paper OE14.3, IEEE LEOS Annual meeting, 1989.

10. T. L. Koch, U. Koren, R. P. Gnall, F. S. Choa, F. Hernandez-Gil, C. A. Burrus, M. G. Young, M. Oron, B. 1. MilIer, "GaInAs/GaInAsP multiple-quantum-well integrated heterodyne receiver," postdeadline paper PD I, IEEE LEOS Annual meeting, 1989.

11. A. H. Gnauck, U. Koren, T. L. Koch, F. S. Choa, G. Raybon, C. A. Burrus, G. Eisenstein, "Four-channel WDM transmission experiment using a photonic-integrated-circuit transmitter," postdeadline paper PD26, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 1990.

12. F. S. Choa, and T. L. Koch, "A theoretical model for the tunable resonant amplifying photodetectors (TRAP)," paper TuH4, OSA Integrated Photonic Research Conference, 1990,

13. F. S. Choa, and T. L. Koch, "Static and dynamical characteristics of narrowband tunable resonant amplifiers as active filters and receivers", paper CThl5l CLEO, 1990.

14. U. Koren, T. L. Koch, A. Gnauck, F. S. Choa, M, G. Young, M. Oron, C. A. Burrus, B. I. Miller, G. Raybon, "Crosstalk and transmission measurements of a wavelength division multiplexing photonic integrated circuit," paper CWM2, CLEO, 1990.

15. F. S. Choa, T. L. Koch, U. Koren, and C. A. Burrus, "Novel optical-power-controlled oscillator with multigigahertz oscillation frequency range," paper OE5.3, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, 1990.

16. F. S. Choa, and T. L. Koch, "Monolithic tunable optical active filters and receivers based on optical resonant amplifier structure," paper 803.3 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 1990.

17. F. S. Choa, Y. H. Lee, B. Tell, T. L. Koch, C. A. Burrus, J. L. Jewell, "Dynamic Characteristics of a High-performance vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser," paper TuF2, Optical Fiber Communication Conf., 1991.

18. F. S. Choa, K. Tai, W. T. Tsang, S. N. G. Chu,, "High reflectivity, 1.55 lam, InP/InGaAsP, surface-emitting-laser mirror grown by chemical beam epitaxy," paper UB.6, Epitaxial Materials and In-Situ Processing for Optoelectronic Devices, IEEE Summer Topical meeting, 1991.

19. K. Tai, F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, S. N. G. Chu, J. D. Wynn, "Room temperature photopumped in quantum well surface emitting lasers with InGaAsP/InP distributed Bragg reflectors," Paper MHH5, OSA Annual Meeting 1991.

20. S. Chandrasekhar, A. H. Gnauck, B. Glance, A. G. Dentai, C. H. Joyner, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, G. J. Qua, "Multi-gigabit long wavelength monolithic OEIC photoreceivers using heterojunction bipolar transistors," paper 1622-34, Conference on Emerging Optoelectronic Technologies, SPIE, IEEE, 1991.

21. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, A. M. Sergent, C. A. Burrus, "Long wavelength InGaAsP/InP distributed feedback lasers incorporating Gain-coupled mechanism," Paper CTuA7, CLEO'92, 1992.

22. Y. K. Chen, M. C. Wu, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, M. A. Chin, A. M. Sergent, "Single-mode picosecond optical pulses generated by a semiconductor DFB laser with quantum well loss grating," Paper CTuF4, CLEO'92, 1992.

23. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R- A. Logan, S. N. G. Chu, A. M. Sergent, P. Magill and C. A. Burrus, "Long wavelength InGaAsP/InP distributed feedback lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy," Proceeding of the sixth international conference on metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, Paper TuB 1, pp. 21, 1992.

24. R. M. Kapre, W. T. Tsang, Y. K. Chen, M. C. Wu, M. A. Chin, F. S. Choa, "chemical beam epitaxy of GaInP on GaAs(100) substrates and its application to 0.98 gm lasers," Proceeding of the sixth international conference on metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, Paper WD4, pp. 35, 1992.

25. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, R- P. Gnall, T. L. Koch, C. A. Burrus, "InGaAs/InGaAsP Integrated tunable detector grown by chemical beam epitaxy," IEEE Summer Topic Meetings, paper WB3, 1992.

26. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, "InGaAsP/InGaAs multi-quantum well distributed-Bragg-reflector lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy," SPIE, OE/FIBERS'92, Sources and Detectors for Fiber Communications, paper 1788-15, 1992.

27. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, S. N. G. Chu, A. M. Sergent, and C. A. Burrus, "Semiconductor distributed feedback lasers with quantum well or superlattice gratings for index or gain-coupled optical feedback," The 13th Semiconductor Laser Conference, Japan, paper B 1, 1992

28. Y. K. Chen, M. C. Wu, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, "Short pulse generation using semiconductor lasers," SPIE Proceeding, vol. 1680, High-Speed Electronics and Optoelectronics, pp. 80-86, 1992.

29. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, R. P. Gnall, U. Koren, T. L. Koch, P. D. Magil, K. C. Reichmann, C. A. Burrus, "Design, fabrication, and performance of a very high side-mode-suppression-Ratio distributed-Bragg-reflector laser," IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper DLTA6,3, 1992.

30. G. M. Carter, F. S. Choa, K.Y. Huang, "Relative intensity noise measurement of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers," IEEE LEOS Annual meeting, paper DLTAI 2.4, 1992.

31. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, "Multichannel operation characteristics of an WDM integrated tunable detector", CLEO'93, paper CWJ96, 1993.

33. B. Yang, J. C. Chen, F. S. Choa, "Enhancement of gold on n-InGaAs schottky barrier height by using thin p-InP layer," Paper E8.9, Spring Meeting of the Materials Research Society, 1994.

34. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, A. M. Sergent, "Very low threshold long wavelength surface emitting lasers," Proceeding of IEEE CPMT and EIA 44th ECTC Optoelectronics, p. 632- 634, 1994.

35. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, R. M. Kapre, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan "Packaging relaxed semiconductor lasers with diluted waveguide structure," Proceeding of IEEE CPMT and EIA 44th ECTC Optoelectronics, p. 335-337, 1994.

36. F. S. Choa and H. J. Chao, "Photonic ATM switches for all optical high-speed networks," Chinese American Academic & Professional Society CAAPS'94 Convention, New York City, Sep. 10- 1, 1994.

37. M. H. Shih, J. Y. Fan, C. Gopal, F. S. Choa, G. J. Simonis, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, A. M Sergent, "Emitting far field pattern study of long wavelength grating coupling surface emitting lasers," IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper SLA.4, 1994.

38. F. S. Choa, H. J. Chao, "A WDM implementation of optically transparent photonic ATM switches," IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper OS3.3, 1994.

39. F. S. Choa, H. J. Chao, "Photonic devices and integrated subsystem for all optical high speed networks," Electrochemical Society 187th Meeting, Invited Paper 760, 1995.

40. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, G. J. Simonis, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, "Optically controlled surface emitting beam switches," paper CTuD8, CLEO'95, 1995.

41. B. C. Gopal and F. S. Choa, "Performance of all optical wavelength conversion, logic operation and switching using semiconductor optical amplifiers," IEEE Princeton/Central Jersey Sarnoff symposium paper IIb4, 1995.

42. B. C. Gopal and F. S. Choa, "Comparative study of wavelength conversion schemes using semiconductor optical amplifiers," IEEE LEOS Annual meeting, Paper WDM 3.4, 1995.

43. F. S. Choa, "All optical network technologies," Invited paper, Electrochemical Society 188th Meeting, Paper 429, 1996.

44. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, "A very simple integrated coherent receiver with record high sensitivity," IEEE Summer Topical Meeting, Broadband Optical Networks-Enabling Technologies and Applications, paper MC4, pp. 28-29, 1996.

45. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, "High performance integrated coherent transceivers for optical access networks," IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper TuS4, Nov. 1996.

46. F. S. Choa, J. Y. Fan, P. -L. Liu, J. Sipior, G. Rao, G. M. Carter, Y. J. Chen, “Time resolved spectra study of GaN light emitting diodes,” IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper TuR4, 1996.

47. J. P. Basrur, F. S. Choa, P. -L. Liu, J. Sipior, G. Rao, G. M. Carter, Y. J. Chen, “Carrier recombination dynamics of InGaN/GaN LEDs and its applications to the optimization of UV generation efficiency,” Proceeding Material Research Society 1996 Fall Meeting, Boston, Symposium N: III-V Nitrides, paper N940, Dec. 2-6, 1996.

48. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus "Integrated Coherent Transceivers for Broadband Access Networks," Invited Paper. Proceeding SPIE, Symposium on Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits, San Jose, Vol. 3006, pp. 234-242, Feb. 1997.

49. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus "Multichannel operating characteristics of integrated coherent receivers for optical networks,” Conference of Laser and Electro-Optics Proc., pp. 282, paper CWJ5, 1997.

50. J. H. Chen, Y. Chai, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “WDM channel monitoring and signal power control/equalization using integrated tunable active filters,” IEEE Summer Topical Meeting Proc., WDM components Technology, pp. 48, paper ThC3, 1997.

51. H. J. Chao, F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, T. -S. Wang, “A dynamic dense WDM network”, IEEE Summer Topical Meeting Proc, Technology for a global information infrastructure, pp. 13, paper MD3, 1997.

52. Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, “Optical filter stability requirements in wavelength division multiplexing systems with cascaded optical amplifiers”, IEEE Summer Topical Meeting Proc, Technology for a global information infrastructure, pp. 36, paper TuD2, 1997.

53. L. M. Wang, J. H. Chen, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “Counter-mixing mode integrated heterodyne transceivers,” IEEE Summer Topical Meeting Proc, Technology for a global information infrastructure, pp. 11, paper MD2, 1997.

54. L. M. Wang, J. H. Chen, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “A full-duplex coherent communication system using integrated transceivers with counter-mixing scheme”, Proceeding of 23rd European Conference on Optical Communications, vol. 3, pp. 299-302, 1997.

55. J. H. Chen, Y. Chai, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “Application of integrated active filters in multichannel optical communication systems,” Proceeding of 23rd European Conference on Optical Communications, vol. 3, pp. 235-238, 1997.

56. X. Zhao, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, “Performance analysis of gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers using different clamping schemes,” Proceeding IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Tu.Y4, pp. 337-338, 1997.

57. J. H. Chen, X. Zhao, F. S. Choa, “Design consideration of semiconductor optical amplifier linearity,” Proceeding IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Tu.X5, pp. 337-338, 1997.

58. L. Wang, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, "A time shared coherent access network capable of dynamic wavelength assignment and adjustable bandwidth partition," Proceeding Optical Fiber Communication Conference, San Jose, CA, paper WM40, pp. 226-227, 1998.

59. Y. Chai, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, J. P. Zhang, J. Y. Fan, W. Lin, "Scalable and modularized optical random access memories" Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Conference Proceeding, San Francisco, paper CThO17, pp. 397, 1998.

60. L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, "A secure and bandwidth-on-demand full service access network," Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, paper CThO18, pp. 397-398, 1998.

61. J. Fan, J. P. Zhang, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, P-. L. Liu, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, G. Zydzik, C. A. Burrus, "Electrical control optical delay lines made of y-junction SOA switches," Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Conference Proceeding, San Francisco, paper CThO44, pp. 415-416, 1998.

62. Y. Chai, J. H. Chen, X. J. Zhao, J. P. Zhang, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, "A dynamically refreshable optical loop memory", Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper 98T239, vol. 3491, pp 51-55, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, July 29-31, 1998.

63. J. Y. Fan, X. Zhao, J. P. Zhang, F. S. Choa, Y. Chai, J. H. Chen, E. Miller, H. Motteler, P. -L. Liu, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, G. Zydzik, C. A. Burrus "Wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) data block switching for parallel computing and interconncet", Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper 98T241, vol. 3491, pp. 634-638, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, July 29-31, 1998.

64. X. Zhao and F. S. Choa, “Performance analysis of nonlinear semiconductor optical amplifier devices operated near 100 Gb/s speed”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper 98T238, vol. 3491, pp. 151-156, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, July 29-31, 1998.

65. J. Y. Fan, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, H. J. Chao, Z. Zhang, L. Wu, S. Yang, “A photonic ATM front-end processor”, Proceeding of 24th European Conference on Optical Communications, paper TUB27, pp. 246-246, Madrid, Spain, 1998.

66. Y, Chai, J. H. Chen, X. J. Zhao, J. P. Zhang, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, W. Lin, “Optical DRAMs using refreshable WDM loop memories”, Proceeding of 24th European Conference on Optical Communications, paper TUA22, pp. 171-172, Madrid, Spain, 1998.

67. Y. Zhao, J. H. Chen, Y. Sun, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, G. M. Carter, “Simultaneously dual-wavelength picosecond pulse generation in a mode-locked fiber laser with a two-chromatic fiber grating”, IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, paper ThJ3, vol. 2 pp. 94-95, 1998.

68. Y. Zhao, C. Shu, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, “Electrical wavelength tuning of ½-rational harmonic mode-locked pulses in a dispersion based fiber ring laser”, IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, paper ThJ2, vol. 2, pp. 92-93, 1998.

69. J. H. Chen, Y. Chai, X. Zhao, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, ”Experimental studies on the performance of WDM optical fiber loop memories with filter misalignment”, IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, paper FP4, vol. 2, pp. 405-406, 1998.

70. H. J. Chao, Z. Zhang, L. Wu, S. Yang, F. S. Choa, L. Wang, “A photonic ATM front-end processor”, IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, paper WR3, vol. 1, pp. 287-288, 1998.

71. H. J. Chao, L. Wu, Z. Zhang, S. H. Yang, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, J. Y. Fan, J. P. Zhang, F. S. Choa, “A 2.5 Gbit/s optical ATM cell synchronizer”, Proceeding Optical Fiber Communication Conference, San Diego, CA, paper WM52, pp. 347-349, 1999.

72. Y. Zhao, X. J. Zhao, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, Y. J. Chen, “A novel bi-directional add.drop module for single fiber bi-directional self-healing wavelength division multiplexed ring networks”, Proceeding Optical Fiber Communication Conference, San Diego, CA, paper TuL7, pp. 183-185, 1999.

73. X. Zhao, Y. Zhao, J. Y. Fan, Y. chai, F. S. Choa, “Fast all optical switching and logic operations using a two section semiconductor optical amplifier”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Baltimore, MD, paper CTuK19, pp. 122-123, 1999.

74. L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, “Demonstration of a prototype bandwidth-on-demand broadband access network using monolithically integrated coherent trandceivers”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Baltimore, MD, paper CThK59, pp. 435-436, 1999.

75. Y. Chai, J. H. Chen, X. Zhao, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, “Performance evaluation of DBR active filters for very dense WDM systems”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Baltimore, MD, paper CWH5, pp. 307-308, 1999.

76. F. S. Choa, Y. Zhao, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, Q. S. Xiang, J. Y. Fan, J. P. Zhang, “Direct modulation and wavelength division multiplexing in multimode fiber for 10 Gbit/s data link applications”, Proceedings European Conference on Network and Optical Communications, NOC’99 Broadband Access Technologies, Delft, Netherlands, pp. 170-174, 1999.

77. F. S. Choa and H. J. Chao, “Transparent all-optical packet routing – one network for all traffic”, Proceedings European Conference on Network and Optical Communications, NOC’99 Broadband Access Technologies, Delft, Netherlands, pp. 217-224, 1999.

78. Y. Chai, L.M. Wang, F.S. Choa, “Signal stabilization of WDM loop memory with a gain clamped EDFA”, Proc. IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper MB3, p21-22, Nov. 1999.

79. Q. Xiang, Y. Zhao, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, “Schematic studies of 10 Gb/s transmission over multimode fibers”, Proc. IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper TUR2, p271-272, Nov. 1999.

80. X. Wang, F. S. Choa, F. Liu, and T. L. Worchersky “Studies of the band-edge emission mechanism in the InGaN blue LED”, Proc. IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper ML2, p98-99, Nov. 1999.

81. F. S. Choa and H. J. Chao, “All-optical packet routing: architecture and implementation,” Invited paper, SPIE, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IV, Symposium on integrated optoelectronics, paper 3950-18, Jan. 23-28, San Jose, CA, 2000.

82. L. Wu, H. J. Chao, X. J. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y Chai, J. P. Zhang, F. S. Choa, “ An FPGA controlled buffer memory”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, paper CWK68, 2000.

83. Q. Xiang, F. S. Choa, “WDM based high-speed optical dual-bus LANs”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper NA-II.3, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

84. Q. Xiang, F. S. Choa, “Scalable broadband wireless systems using dense WDM backbones”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper NA-II.4, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

85. X. Zhao, F. S. Choa, “Analytical formulation of the speed of semiconductor optical amplifier based all-optical devices”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper OCA-I.5, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

86. X. Wang, F. S. Choa, “The effect of background acceptor impurity on the radiative transition in low dimensional InGaAs material”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper SCL-I.2, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

87. J. P. Zhang, X. J. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. S. Xiang, F. S. Choa, “Adiabatic mode expansion laser diodes fabricated by selective area growth”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper SCL-I.3, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

88. J. P. Zhang, X. J. Zhao, X. J. Wang, F. S. Choa, J. Lin, G. Carter, “Selective area growth materials for widely tunable semiconductor lasers”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper SCL-I.3, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

89. Q. Xiang, Y. Zhao, F. S. Choa, “Theoretical and experimental studies on analog fiber-optical link utilizing the FM-gain in transmissions”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper OTT-1.2, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

90. X. Zhao, F. S. Choa, “All-optical HIPPIs using photonic switches and optical buffer memories”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper TPC-1.2, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

91. X. Zhao, Y. Zhao, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, “A transparent all-optical packet network using digital header and arbitrary payload”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper TPC-I.3, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

92. Y. Cai, T. Adali, Q. Xiang, X. Zhao, J. Zhang, F. S. Choa, “An adaptive equalization approach for canceling the multipath effect in multi-mode fibers” Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper CMDC-1.5, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.

93. X. Zhao, F. S. Choa, “10 Gb/s multimode fiber transmissions over any (loss-limited) distance using adaptive equalization techniques”, ECOC’2000, Paper 7.3.6, Munich, Germany, Sep. 3-7, 2000.

94. Y. Zhao, J. H. Chen, X. J. Zhao, F. S. Choa, “Intraband-crosstalk free add/drop module for wavelength-division-multiplexed ring networks”, ECOC’2000, Paper 10.3.5, Munich, Germany, Sep. 3-7, 2000.

96. Q. Xiang, F.S. Choa, “Scalable broadband wireless backbone using fine-granule WDM”, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper TuCC4, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, Nov. 2000.

97. Q. Xiang, Y. Zhao, F.S. Choa, “ A high-performance RF-lightwave transmitter for analog fiber links”, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper MP1, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, Nov. 2000.

98. F. S. Choa, “Comparison of 10Gb/s transmission schemes over already installed multimode fibers”, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper TuBB5, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, Nov. 2000.

99. J. P. Zhang, X. J. Wang, F. S. Choa, “A broadband gain material for widely tunable lasers”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Baltimore, MD, paper CTuO3, pp. 208-209. May 6-11, 2001.

100. Fow-Sen Choa, “Optical frame switching/routing – architecture and implementation”, The 2nd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications, and Technologies, Paper N316, July 9-11, 2001.

101. J. Lin, F. S. Choa, “Ultra-dense WDM techniques for scalable broadband wireless backbones”, The 2nd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications, and Technologies, Paper N317, July 9-11, 2001.

102. J. P. Zhang, J. Lin, F. S. Choa, “Broadband wavelength conversions using broadband SOAs”, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper Tucc6, San Diago, CA, Nov. 11-15, 2001.

103. F. S. Choa, “High-efficiency directly modulated laser links”, International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, Invited Paper, Long Beach, CA., Oct. 7-10, 2001.

104. X. Xie, J. Khurgin, J Kang, F. S. Choa, “ Linear optical frequency discriminator”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Long Beach, CA, Paper CM16, 2002.

105. Y. Ding, J Zhang, F-S. Choa, X. Wang, J. Khurgin, “Growth and characterization of GaAs/AlAs superlattices: evidence of quasi-indirect transition between minibands”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Long Beach, CA, Paper CTuK46, 2002.

106. Jie Lin, Junping Zhang, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Low-Crosstalk Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Long Beach, CA, Paper CTuS2, 2002.

107. Jie Lin and Fow-Sen Choa, “Demonstration of a broadband wireless backbone using ultra-dense WDM technology”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Long Beach, CA, Paper CWD3, 2002.

108. Y. Gu, M. Patel, F. –S. Choa, J. Khurgin, J. Thomas, J. Pinkston, “A Portable Four-Element Position Locator”, IEEE International Symposium on Advances in Wireless Communications, (ISWC'02), Victoria, Canada, September 23 - 24, 2002.

109. F. S. Choa and Jie Lin, “Integrated Photonic Devices for Optical and Wireless Networking”, Seventeenth International Symposium On Computer and Information Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, October 28-30, 2002.

110. Y. Gu and F.S. Choa “High Gain, High Speed, Low Noise Single-Avalanche-Stage APDs”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

111. Y. Gu, J. Yan, R. Madhan, and F. S. Choa, G. V. Jagannathan, S. Trivedi, and J. Feng, “High-efficiency InP Based Multi-junction Solar Cells“, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

112. Z. Chen, J. Cai, X. Ji, Y. Sun, J. Lin, X. Zhao, X. Yu, J. Zhang, F. -S. Choa, “On the Growth and Fabrication of an Integrated DFB Laser and EA Modulator”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

113. X. Zhao and F. -S. Choa, “The Effect of Contact Resistance in a Broad Band Semiconductor Optical Amplifier using SAG Techniques”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

114. Jingzhou Yan, Guoyun Ru, Fow-Sen Choa, “Study of N-Type Si Delta Doping on InP and In0.53Ga0.47As”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

115. Jingzhou Yan, G. Ru, Y. Gong, F. S. Choa, “Study of P-Type Carbon Doping on In0.53Ga0.47As, In0.52Al0.2Ga0.28As and In0.52Al0.48As”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

116. G. Ru, J. Yan, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, T. Worchesky, “In1-xGaxAsyP1-y nipi Structure and Its Application to Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

117. G. Ru, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, “-X band mixing in GaAs/AlAs superlattice”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

118. G. Ru, X. Yu, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, “Study of Wavelength Shift in Quantum Well Structure by MOCVD Selective Area Growth“, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

119. G. Ru, X. Yu, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, “Study of Strain Effect in MOCVD Selective Area Growth”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

120. Y. Sun, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, “A New Open-Hole Buried Heterostructure Process for the Fabrication of Photonic Integrated Circuits”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.

121. X. Xie, J Khurgin, J. kang, F. S. Choa, Linearized electro-optical intensity modulator”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, paper CTuJ2, Baltimore, MD, 2003.

122. J. Cai, Z. Chen, X. Ji, Y. Sun, J. Lin, X. Zhao, X. Yu, J. Zhang, J. Yan, M. Raj, F. -S. Choa, “Fast Frequency Tuning Characteristics of a FM laser based on the Integrated MQW DFB Laser /EA Modulator Device”, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper WT3, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.

123. G. Ru, X. Yu, Y. Sun, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, “Wavelength shift and strain in quantum well structure by MOCVD selective area growth”, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper WAA5, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.

124. Y. Sun, X. M. Ji, Z. Chen, J. Z. Yan, J. X. Cai, M. Raj, F. -S. Choa, “A New Open-Hole Buried Heterostructure Process for the Fabrication of Photonic Integrated Circuits”, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper THCC5, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.

125. Y. Gu and F.S. Choa, “Low bias, Low Noise Single-Avalanche-Stage APDs”, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper THZ6, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.

126. Y. Gu, J. Yan, R. Madhan, and F. S. Choa, G. V. Jagannathan, S. Trivedi, and J. Feng, “High-efficiency InP Based Four-junction Solar Cells“,IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper THR5, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.

127. G. Ru, X Yu, J. Yan, M. Raj, F. –S. Choa, J.B. Khurgin, “Spatially-indirect photo- and electro-luminescence in the 1.3m range at room temperature,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, CA, Paper CTHF2, 2004.

128. Xiangjun Zhao, Fow-Sen Choa, and Junping Zhang, “The Effect of Series Resistance on the Linearity and Cross-talk of an SAG based Broad Band Semiconductor Optical Amplifier,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, CA, Paper CTuP17, 2004.

129. J. Khurgin, J Kang, F. S. Choa, M. Boroditsky, “Comparative analysis of the optical buffers based on coupled resonators lines and on media with electromagnetically induced transparency,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, CA, Paper CWA14, 2004

130. Y. Sun, X. Yu, X. Ji, F.S. Choa “Silicon OEICs with Optical Switching and Amplification Capability,” IEEE LTIMC 2004 – Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation & Measurement Conference, Palisades, New York, USA, 19 – 20 October 2004.

131. Xiaoming Ji, Fow-Sen Choa, “A Novel Double-Side Heat-Removing Laser Structure for Very High Efficiency and High Power Lasers”, IEEE LTIMC 2004 – Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation & Measurement Conference, Palisades, New York, USA, 19 – 20 October 2004.

132. F. S. Choa, “Ultra-broadband, High-Power, Low-Crosstalk, Low-Noise, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers”, Symposium on Technologies for High-Capacity Optical Communication. Invited paper, Taiwan, ROC, Dec 16-17, 2004

133. Jianxin Cai, Yonglin Gu, Xiaoming Ji, Liwei Cheng, Jingzhou Yan, Guoyun Ru and Fow-Sen Choa, “Very Low Threshold, Carrier- and Index-Confined Semiconductor Lasers by One Single Selective-Area-Growth”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CMFF2, Baltimore, MD, May 2005.

134. Xiaoming Ji, Jianxin Cai, Fow-sen Choa, Xiaojun Wang, Joseph Diep, Trach Le, “Thin-film Double-Side Heat Removal Laser Diodes”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CMFF1, Baltimore, MD, May 2005.

135. J. Yan, J. Cai, G. Ru, X.Yu, F. -S. Choa, “InGaAsP/InP Dual Wavelength Bipolar Cascade Lasers with 100nm Wavelength Spacing”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CMFF1, Baltimore, MD, May 2005

136. Jacob B. Khurgin, Xiaobo Xie, Fow Sen Choa, Xiuqin Yu, Jason Cai, Jingzhou Yan, Xiaoming Ji, Yonglin Gu, Yun Fang, Yang Sun, Zhibao Chen; “Optimization of the Performance of Frequency-Modulated DFB Semiconductor Laser: Theory and Experiment “, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CThA5, Baltimore, MD, May 2005.

137. Zhijun Liu, Daniel Wasserman, Scott S. Howard, and Claire F. Gmachl, Xiaojun Wang, Tawee Tanbun-Ek, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, “MOCVD-grown room temperature continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers without lateral regrowth”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CTuFF2, Long Beach, CA, May 2006

138. Guoyun Ru, Fow-Sen Choa, Xing Wei, Gang Chen, and Jacob B. Khurgin, “Measurement of the lifetimes of photo-excited carriers in type-I and type-II quantum well materials”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CThB3, Long Beach, CA, May 2006.

139. Stewart Wu, Xiucheng Wu, Fow-Sen Choa, Michael A. Krainak, “Methods to improve gain and dark current of photon counting avalanche photo-diodes”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CThD5, Long Beach, CA, May 2006.

140. Xiaoming Ji, Liwei Cheng, Jianxin Cai, Guoyun Ru, Fow-Sen Choa, “High Power Slab-Coupled Waveguide Lasers”, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, paper Tu 11:20, June 5-8, 2006.

141. Y. Gu, X. Wu, S. Wu, F. S. Choa, F. Yan, P. Shu, M. Krainak, “4x4 Individually Addressable InGaAs APD Arrays Optimized for Photon Counting Applications”, IEEE Summer Topical Meeting, paper MD1. Quebec City, QC, Canada, July 17–19, 2006

142. Zhijun Liu1, Daniel Wasserman1, Scott S Howard1, Anthony J Hoffman1, Claire F Gmachl1, Xiaojun Wang, Tawee Tanbun-Ek, Liwei Cheng, and Fow-Sen Choa, “High Performance Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by MOCVD without Lateral Regrowth”, ICPS 2006, Vienna, Austria, July 24-28, 2006.

143. (Invited paper) F. S. Choa, “Growth technology for ultrabroad band high-power low-crosstalk gain materials”, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper TuS3, Boston, Oct.29-Nov 2,2006.

144. (Invited paper) Fow-Sen Choa, Liwei Cheng, Xiaoming Ji, Zhijun Liu, Daniel Wasserman, Scott S. Howard, Claire F. Gmachl, Xiaojun Wang, Jenyu Fan, Jacob Khurgin, “MOCVD Growth and Regrowth of Quantum Cascade Lasers”, SPIE Photonic West, San Jose, CA, paper 6485-22, Jan 20-25, 2007

145. Zhijun Liu, Grace Silva,2, Jayson J. Paulose, Claire F. Gmachl, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, Rich Leavitt, Fred J. Towner, Xiaojun Wang, Jenyu Fan, “Temperature-Dependent Gain and Loss in High Performance Quantum Cascade Lasers at 8.2 and 10.3 um”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper CTuO4, Baltimore, MD, May 2007.

146. X. Wu, Y Gu, F. Yan, F. S. Choa, P. Shu, “High Uniformity, Stability, and Reliability Large-Format InGaAs APD Arrays”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper CMII2, Baltimore, MD, May 2007.

147. Xiaojun Wang, Jenyu Fan, Tawee Tanbun-Ek, Fow-Sen Choa, “Low-threshold-density room-temperature continuous-wave quantum-cascade-lasers grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper CTuO5, Baltimore, MD, May 2007.

148. Liwei Cheng, Xiaoming Ji, Fow-Sen Choa, Zhijun Liu, Claire F. Gmachl, Jeny Fan, Xiaojun Wang, Rich Leavitt, John Bruno, and John Bradshaw, “Growth Studies of Quantum Cascade Lasers With Current-Blocking Structures”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JWA114, Baltimore, MD, May 2007.

149. Jiun-Yun Li, Fow-Sen Choa, Xiaoming Ji, and Liwei Cheng, “High Growth Temperature Studies of InGaAs/InAlAs Superlattices for High-Quality QCL and QWIP Applications”, The Ninth International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells, Ambleside, Cumbria, U.K., September 9-14, 2007.

150. Yonglin Gu, Fow-Sen Choa, Stewart Wu , Xiucheng Wu, Feng Yan, Peter Su, Michael A. Krainak, “Current Bias Mode – An Innovative Scheme for Photon Counting Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) Array Operations”, IEEE, LEOS Annual Meeting, paper WD5, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 21 - 25 October 2007.

151. Aleksander K. Wojcik, Feng Xie, Alexey A. Belyanin, Junichiro Kono, Fow-Sen Choa, “Efficient and low-noise mid/far-infrared detection using second-order nonlinearities in a resonant semiconductor quantum well hetero-structure, SPIE, Photonic West, Paper 6889-41, San Jose, California, January 19-24, 2008

152. Yonglin Gu, Fow-Sen Choa, Stewart Wu, Xiucheng Wu, Feng Yan, Peter Su, Michael A. Krainak, “Single-photon avalanche photodiode with improved structure using an innovative current bias mode scheme, SPIE, Photonic West, Paper 6890-23, San Jose, California, January 19-24, 2008

153. Muhammad A. Talukder, Fow-Sen Choa, Curtis R. Menyuk, Kale J. Franz, Scott S. Howard, Claire F. Gmachl, “ Novel heat removal waveguide structure for high performance quantum cascade lasers”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JThfA5, San Jose, CA, May 4-9, 2008.

154. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Aurelius Graninger and Fow-Sen Choa, “Electrical Derivative Measurement of Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs)” IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper ThO4, Newport Beach, CA, 9-13 November 2008.

155. T. Ribaudo, E.A. Shaner, S.S. Howard, C. Gmachl, X.J. Wang, F.-S. Choa, and D. Wasserman, “Active Control of Propagating Waves on Plasmonic Surfaces”, Proc. SPIE 7221-24, 2, 2009.

156. Liwei Cheng, Ruth Choa, Jacob Khurgin, Fow-Sen Choa, Jianxin Chen, Claire Gmachl ”Evaluation of nano-scale quantum devices using x-ray diffraction and Fourier analysis”, Material Research Society Spring Meeting, Paper HH8.3, San Francisco, CA, April 13 – 17, 2009.

157. Dingkai Guo, Fow-sen Choa, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Mohit Godbole, “Electrical derivative analysis of leakage current in quantum cascade lasers”, IEEE, LEOS, The 21st International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, paper WP5, Newport Beach, CA, May 10 – 14, 2009.

158. Liwei Cheng, Ruth Choa, Jacob Khurgin, Fow-Sen Choa, Xing Chen, Xiaojun Wang, Jenyu Fan, Jianxin Chen, Claire Gmachl, “X-ray diffraction analysis of quantum cascade lasers”, IEEE, LEOS, The 21st International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, paper WP2, Newport Beach, CA, May 10 – 14, 2009.

159. Liwei Cheng, Mohit Godbole, Fow-Sen Choa, Douglas Janssen, Robert Astri, and Jenyu Fan, “Deep Etching and Rabbit-Ear-Free Regrowths for Quantum Cascade Lasers”, IEEE, LEOS, The 21st International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, paper WB1.3, Newport Beach, CA, May 10 – 14, 2009.

160. Yonglin Gu, Xiucheng Wu, Fow-Sen Choa, “High detection efficiency InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche photodiodes”, IEEE, LEOS, The 21st International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, paper TuB1, Newport Beach, CA, May 10 – 14, 2009.

161. Ruth Choa, Jacob Khurgin, Fow-Sen Choa, “Real time spectrum analyzer analysis and evaluation of string instruments”, Acoustic Research Institute, The 16th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Kraków, Poland, 5-9 July 2009.

162. Aurelius Graninger, Xing Chen, Fow-Sen Choa, “Stand-off chemical detection using acoustic beam forming & photoacoustic sensing”, Acoustic Research Institute, The 16th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Kraków, Poland, 5-9 July 2009.

163. Edward Luzhansky , Fow-Sen Choa, “Modulation Dynamics of Quantum Cascade Lasers” the 10th International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells (ITQW), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 6 – 11, 2009.

164. Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Liwei Cheng and Xing Chen, “Near-Infrared Quenching Effects on Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers “,the 10th International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells (ITQW), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 6 – 11, 2009.

165. Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, Mohit Godbole, Dingkai Kuo, and Xing Chen, “ Integrated Tunable DBR Quantum Cascade Lasers with ~0.03nm/mA Tuning Efficiency “the 10th International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells (ITQW), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 6 – 11, 2009.

166. Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Douglas Janssen and Fow-Sen Choa, “Integrated tunable DBR QCLs”, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7616-44, San Francisco, CA, Jan. 23-28, 2010.

167. Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Liwei Cheng, Xing Chen, Terrance Worchesky, “Near-infrared quenching effects on mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers”, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7616-63, San Francisco, CA, Jan. 23-28, 2010.

168. Edward Luzhansky, Fow-Sen Choa, “Frequency modulation and chirping of two section distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers”, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7597-21, San Francisco, CA, Jan. 23-28, 2010.

169. Fow-Sen Choa, “Integrated Tunable Mid-IR Quantum Cascade Lasers”, The 24 International Forum Process Analytical Technology –Process Analysis and Control (IFPAC), paper O-023, Baltimore, MD, Jan. 31-feb. 4, 2010.

170. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Terry Worchesky, Jiun-Yun li, “Low-Threshold Current Short-Cavity Quantum Cascade Lasers”, Invited paper, SPIE, Photonic North, Lasers - a half-century section Tu. 10:30, Niagara Fall, Canada, June 1-3, 2010.

171. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Terry Worchesky, Jiun-Yun Li, “Quasi-Continuous-Wave (CW) Operations of Quantum Cascade Lasers”, SPIE, Photonic North, Lasers - a half-century section Tu. 11:00, Niagara Fall, Canada, June 1-3, 2010.

172. Natee Johnson, Ruth Choa, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, “X-Ray Study of Strained and Strain Balanced Superlattice Materials”, Material Research Society Fall meeting, paper UU6.2, Boston, Massachusetts, Nov. 29-Dec. 3, 2010.

173. David Shyu, Fow-Sen Choa, Xing Chen, Sudhir Trivedi, “Novel Mid-IR Quantum Cascade Laser Waveguide Coupling Techniques”, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-62, San Francisco, California, 22 - 27 January 2011.

174. Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Liwei Cheng, and Xing Chen, “Near-Infrared Induced Negative Photoconductance and Its Relationship with Optical Quenching of Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers,” SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-63, San Francisco, California, 22 - 27 January 2011.

175. Liwei Cheng, Xing Chen, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Design and Operation of mid-IR Integrated DBR Tunable Lasers”, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-59, San Francisco, California, 22 -27 January 2011.

176. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Terry Worchesky, “Low threshold short cavity quantum cascade lasers”, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-69, San Francisco, California, 22 -27 January 2011.

177. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Terrance Worchesky, “Thermal investigation of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers under quasi-continuous-wave operations, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-70, San Francisco, California, 22 -27 January 2011.

178. Xing Chen, David Shyu, Fow-Sen Choa, “Quantum cascade lasers used as a mid-infrared detector”, SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, paper, 8012-142, Orlando, Florida, 25 - 29 April, 2011.

179. Xing Chen, Douglas Janssen, Fow-Sen Choa, “Standoff chemical detection using quantum cascade lasers and photoacoustic sensing”, SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, paper, 8018-27, Orlando, Florida, 25 - 29 April, 2011.

180. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, “Standoff photoacoustic chemical detection using quantum cascade lasers,” 16th Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference, paper: 6G2_4, 4-8 July, 2011, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

181. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Alexey Belyanin, Fow-Sen Choa, “Mid-Infrared QCL as a Tunable Resonant Amplifying Photodetector,” 16th Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference, paper: 6D4_5, 4-8 July, 2011, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

182. Xing Chen, Douglas Janssen, Dan Kostov, Fow-Sen Choa, “Standoff chemical detection using quantum cascade lasers and photoacoustic sensing techniques”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JMC1, Baltimore, MD, May 2011.

183. Sheriff Jolaoso, Ruth Choa, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Spectrogram Evaluation and Brainwave Appreciation of Music Acoustics”, The 18th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV 18), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, paper 698, July 10-14, 2011.

184. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Shilpa Vadala, Jennie Leach and Fow-Sen Choa, “Neuron Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectral Study for Direct Optical Excitation of Neurons, IEEE photonic Society Meeting, Arlington, Virginia, paper WL5, 9 - 13 October 2011

185. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Shilpa Vadala, Jennie Leach, Yordan Kostov, William W. Bewley, Chul-Soo Kim, Mijin Kim, Chadwick L. Canedy, Charles D. Merritt, Igor Vurgaftman, Jerry R. Meyer, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Neuron Absorption Study and Mid-IR Optical Excitations”, SPIE Photonic West, paper 8207G-156, San Francisco, California, 21 -26, January 2012.

186. Xing Chen, Dingkai Guo, David Shyu, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, “28-dB gain mid-infrared optical amplification using resonant quantum cascade laser optical amplifier, SPIE Photonic West, paper 8277-67, San Francisco, California, 21 -26 January 2012.

187 Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, “Power scaling-up of mid-infrared quantum cascade laser array with multi-emitter structures,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper CTh3N.7, San Jose, CA, 6-11, May 2012.

188. Dingkai Guo1, Xing Chen1, Liwei Cheng1, Alexey Belyanin2, Sudhir Trivedi3, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Mid-IR Optical Amplifications using Resonant Gain of Quantum Cascade Lasers”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JW2A.100, San Jose, CA, 6-11, May 2012.

189. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Jiun-Yun Li, John Bruno, John Bradshaw, Kevin Lascola, Richard Leavitt, John Pham, Fred Towner, “Surface emitting quantum cascade laser arrays” Frontiers in Optics, paper FTh4D.8, Oct. 14-18, 2012

190. D. Eisen, D. Janssen, X. Chen, F-S. Choa, D. Kostov, and J. Fan, “Trap Closure of Venus Flytrap via Mid-IR Stimulation,” Biomedical Engineering Society Annual Meeting, paper:P-Sat-B-29, Atlanta, GA, Oct. 24-27, 2012.

191. Xing Chen, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Chen-Chia Wang, Sudhir Trivedi, Jenyu Fan, “Quantum cascade laser based standoff photoacoustic detection of explosives using ultra-sensitive microphone and sound reflector”, SPIE Photonic West, San Francisco, California, 2-7 Feb. 2013.

192. D. Eisen, D. Janssen, X. Chen, F-S. Choa, D. Kostov, and J. Fan, “Trap Closure of Venus Flytrap via Mid-IR Stimulation,” SPIE Photonic West, San Francisco, California, 2-7 Feb. 2013.

193. Xing Chen, Fow-Sen Choa, Ellen Holthoff, Paul Pellegrino, Jenyu Fan, “Standoff chemical detection with a parts per million level calibrated detection sensitivity,” SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing Conference, paper 8710-9, Baltimore, MD, 2013

194. Joshua A Lay, Xing Cheng, and Fow Sen Choa, “Performance Comparison of Microphone and Reflector Array Structures for Real-Time and Outdoor Photoacoustic Chemical Sensing”, SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing Conference, paper 8710-912, Baltimore, MD, 2013.

195. Hong Cai, Sheng Liu, Elaine Lalanne, Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Xiaojun Wang, Fow-Sen Choa, and Anthony M. Johnson, "Time-Resolved Measurements of Near-Infrared Pulse Induced Ultrafast Optical Modulation of Quantum Cascade Lasers", Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JTh2A.26, 2013.

196. Mohammad. Islam, Fow-Sen Choa, Elliot Hong, “Evaluating the Meaningfulness of Sound Signals with Left and Right Brain Interactions”, The 20th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV 20), Bangkok, Thailand, paper 687, July 7-11, 2013

197. Fow-Sen Choa, Xing Chen, Joshua Lay, “Photo-Acoustic Signal Detections Using Microphone-Reflector Arrays”, The 20th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV 20), Bangkok, Thailand, paper 675, July 7-11, 2013.

198. Mohammad Islam, David Chao, Carlos Romero Talamas, Fow-Sen Choa, “Cell Electricity From Dissected Plants and Its Responses to Radiation and Cascading”, The 30th Mid-Atlantic Plant Molecular Biology Society Meeting (MAPMBS), Patuxent research refuge, Laurel, MD, Aug15-16, 2013.

199. David Eisen, Kevin Zhang, Linh Pham, Fow-Sen Choa, Nicole Armstrong, Phillip Aye, Ricardo Aye, George Bennett, Robert Hawthorne, Huguens Jean, Kimberly Brown, “Power Delivery Studies of Wind-belt Generators with Different Architectures”, International Conference & Exhibition on Clean Energy”, paper NDMRE-12, Ottawa, Canada, Sep. 9- 11, 2013

200. Doug Jessen, Mohammad Islam, David Chao, Jerry Gu, David Eisen, Fow-Sen Choa, “Electricity Derived from Plant Tissue”, International Conference & Exhibition on Clean Energy”, paper BB-19, Ottawa, Canada, Sep. 9- 11, 2013.

201. Mohammad Islam and Fow-Sen Choa, “ Quantum Cascade Lasers Characterization Using X-Ray”, IEEE, International semiconductor device research symposium, Bethesda, MD, paper TA4-04, Dec. 11-13, 2013

202. Dingkai Guo, Jiun-Yun Li, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Widely Tunable Integrated Quantum Cascade Lasers”, IEEE, International semiconductor device research symposium, Bethesda, MD, paper TA4-05, Dec. 11-13, 2013.

203. Fow-Sen Choa, “Chemical and explosive detections using photo-acoustic effect and quantum cascade lasers”, SPIE Photonic West, Paper 8993-58, San Francisco, California, 1-7 Feb. 2014.

204. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Jiun-Yun Li, Liwei Cheng, Terrance Worchesky, Fow-Sen Choa, “Integrated widely tunable quantum cascade lasers with super-structure gratings”, SPIE Photonic West, Paper 9002-58, San Francisco, California, 1-7 Feb. 2014.

205. Qing-Lei Meng, Fow-Sen Choa, Elliot Hong, Zhiguang Wang, Mohammad Islam, "Control channels in the brain and their influence on brain executive functions", SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing Conference, Paper 9107-42, doi:10.1117/12.2050147, Baltimore, MD, 2014

206. Mohammad M. Islam, Wenze Xi, David J. Y. Feng, Fow-Sen Choa, " Nuclear detection and monitoring using plants electricity", SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing Conference, Paper 9073-52, Baltimore, MD, 2014

207. David House, N. B. Singh, B. Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, and B. Schreib, “Design and growth of lead selenoiodide semiconductors crystals for radiation detection” Proc. SPIE Optics + Photonics, Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XVI, paper 9213-14, Aug. 2014.

208. Narsingh B. Singh, Michael House, Benjamin Schreib, Carlos Romero-Talamas, Ronghui Ma, Fow-Sen Choa, Bradley Arnold,"Design and development of quaternary semiconductors for radiation detection", SPIE Optics + Photonics, Paper 9213-40, San Diego, California, United States, 17 - 21 August 2014. (presentation)

209. N. B. Singh, Narasimha Prasad, Brad Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa, "Design and Performance of optical materials by manipulating nano and micromorphology", SPIE Optics + Photonics, San Diego, CA, August 16-20, 2014. (presentation)

210. Narsingh Singh; Bradley Arnold; Lisa Kelly; Darren Thomson; Raghaw Rai; Fow-Sen Choa, “Effect of Impurities on the Solidification Morphology of the Al-Si Alloys in Dynamic Condition”, The American Ceramic Society, Materials Science and Technology Conference-14, Pittsburgh, Oct.12-16, 2014. (presentation)

211. Narsingh Singh, Christopher Cooper, Narasimha Prasad, Fow-Sen Choa, Bradley Arnold, “ "Growth and morphology of lead tin selenide for MWIR detectors”, The American Ceramic Society, Materials Science and Technology Conference-14, Pittsburgh, Oct.12-16, 2014. (presentation)

212. Vishnu Razdan, Bradley Arnold, Lisa Kelly, Narsingh Singh, Fow-Sen Choa, Walter Duval, “Effect of Solidification Parameters on the Performance of Energy Storage Materials", The American Ceramic Society, Materials Science and Technology Conference-14, Pittsburgh, Oct.12-16, 2014. (presentation)

213. Tanvir Mahmood, Qinglei Meng, Partha Acharjee, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, "EEG studies of multi-language comprehension", Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 204.08, Washington DC, Nov 15-19, 2014. (presentation)

214. Qing-Lei Meng, Mohammad Islam, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, "Brain Eigen-Frequency Scanning Technique and It Applications" Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 838-21, Washington DC, Nov 15-19, 2014. (presentation)

215. X. Du, M. Tagamets, L. M. Rowland, P. Kochunov, A. Summerfelt, F.-S. Choa, J. Chiapelli, E. Hong," Neurochemical inhibitory and excitatory modulation of human prefrontal circuit synchrony: A MRS/TMS/EEG study", Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 303.08, Washington DC, Nov 15-19, 2014. (presentation)

216. Isaac Basaldua, Ozgur Topaloglu, David J. Y. Feng, Michael Du, Elliot Hong, and Fow-Sen Choa," Magnetic field and induced electrical field distributions of Figure-Eight TMS", Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 797.27, Washington DC, Nov 15-19, 2014. (presentation)

217. (Invited paper) Fow-Sen Choa "Fabrication, Testing, and Applications of Quantum Cascade Lasers", International Conference on Futuristic Materials and Emerging Trends in Forensic and Life Sciences (ICFM), Nagpur, India, Feb. 5-7, 2015. (presentation)

218. Vishnu Razdan, Abhishek Singh, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, Lisa Kelly and N. B. Singh, “Effect of organic flux on the colossal dielectric constant of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO)” Proceedings of SPIE Defense and Security, 9493-7, Baltimore, MD 2015. doi: 10.1117/12.2177694

219. Christopher Cooper, Pietro Strobbia, Emily Schultheis, Narasimha Prasad, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa and N. B. Singh, “Reactive Solidification Growth of Lead Tin Selenide for MWIR Detectors:, Proceedings of SPIE Defense and Security, 9491-2, Baltimore, MD 2015. doi: 10.1117/12.2179724

220. Mohammad Islam; Carlos Romero-Talamas; Dan Kostov; Wanpeng Wang; Zhongchi Liu; Daniel S. Hussey; Eli Baltic; David L. Jacobson; Jerry Gu; Fow-Sen Choa, “Global nuclear radiation monitoring using plants”, SPIE DSS 9486, doi: 10.1117/12.2177532, May 2015

221. Mohammad Islam, Joshua Lay, Chen-Chia Wang, Sudhir Trivedi, Alan Samuels, Jacob Khurgin, Fow Sen-Choa, “Combined microphone array and lock-in amplifier operations for outdoor photo-acoustic sensing,” SPIE DSS 9486, doi:10.1117/12.2177536, May 2015

222. Qinglei Meng; Prashil Patel; Sudhir Trivedi; Xiaoming Du; Elliot Hong; Fow-Sen Choa,“ Sensor probes and phantoms for advanced transcranial magnetic stimulation system developments, “ SPIE DSS 9487, doi: 10.1117/12.2177014, May 2015.

223. Qinglei Meng; Elliot Hong; Fow-Sen Choa, “Electroencephalograph (EEG) study of brain bistable illusion,” SPIE DSS 9487, doi: 10.1117/12.2177520, May 2015.

224. Edward Luzhansky, Fow-Sen Choa, Scott Merritt, Anthony Yu and Michael Krainak " Mid-IR free-space optical communication with quantum cascade lasers", SPIE DSS, 9465, Laser Radar Technology and Applications XX; and Atmospheric Propagation XII, 946512 (19 May 2015); doi: 10.1117/12.2189315

224. Edward Luzhansky, Fow-Sen Choa, Scott Merritt, Anthony Yu and Michael Krainak, " Comparative Analysis of QCL MWIR and SWIR Communication with PPM Signals", OSA Imaging and Applied Optics Congress, paper JT5A.7, Arlington, VA, June 8-11, 2015

225. Mitchell Cherry,Qinglei Meng, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, “Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation using Focused Magnetic Field Produced by Magnetic Shielding’, Society of Neural science annual meeting Chicago, IL. Oct. 2015. (presentation)

226. Qinglei Meng, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, “Electroencephalograph (eeg) study of brain bistable illusion”, Society of Neural science annual meeting. Chicago, IL. Oct. 2015. (presentation)

227. Fow Sen-Choa, Chen-Chia Wang, Jacob Khurgin, Alan Samuels, Sudhir Trivedi, Deepa Gupta, "Standoff Photoacoustic Detections with High-Sensitivity Microphones and Acoustic Arrays", Proc. SPIE 9824, p.98240M, 2016. doi:10.1117/12.2224270.

228. Neha Sardesai, S. E. Jamali Mahabadi, and Qinglei Meng, . Fow-Sen Choa, " Comparative Analysis of Brain Signals generated from the Right and Left hand while Writing", Proc. SPIE 9863, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XIII, 98630S (May 13, 2016); doi:10.1117/12.2223772.

229. Qinglei Meng, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, " Electroencephalograph (EEG) Study on Self-Contemplating Image Formation", Proc. SPIE 9863, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XIII, 98630X (May 13, 2016); doi:10.1117/12.2225132.

230. Mohammad Islam, J. Y. Feng, Andrew Berkovich, Pamela Abshire, Geoffrey Barrows, Fow-Sen Choa, " InGaAs/InP PIN Photodetector Arrays Made by MOCVD Based Zinc Diffusion Processes", Proc. SPIE 9819, Infrared Technology and Applications XLII, 98190G (May 20, 2016); doi:10.1117/12.2224297

231. Narsingh B. Singh, Ching-Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa," Design and growth of novel compounds for radiation sensors: Multinary chalcogenides", Proc. SPIE 9824, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XVII, 982411 (12 May 2016); doi: 10.1117/12.2220405

232. Neelesh Agarwal; Stacey Sova; N. B. Singh; Brad Arnold; Fow-Sen Choa; Brian Cullum; Ching-Hua Su" Effect of pH on the morphology of kidney stones", Proc. SPIE 9863, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XIII, 986303 (13 May 2016); doi:10.1117/12.2219939.

233. Narsingh B. Singh, Sam Coriell, Richard Hopkins, Ching-Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Brian M.

Cullum, Fow-Sen Choa, "Growth mechanism of nanowires: ternary chalcogenides", Proc. SPIE 9863, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XIII, 986304 (May 13, 2016); doi:10.1117/12.2220154

234. N. B. Singh, Ben Schreib, Michael Devilbiss, Julian Loiacono, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, K. D. Mandal, "Low temperature processing of dielectric perovskites for energy storage", Proc. SPIE 9865, Energy Harvesting and Storage: Materials, Devices, and Applications VII, 986509 (July 13, 2016); doi:10.1117/12.2220059.

235. Q. Meng; E. Hong; Y. Yang; H. Lu; F. S. Choa, " Transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) coil designing for high electromagnetic field gradient generation", Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper NNN49 (851.09) San Diego, November 12–16, 2016.

236. D. Gupta; Q. Meng; E. Hong; F. S. Choa, " Default mode network activity analysis during self-contemplating image formation", Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper MMM1 (555.11) San Diego, November 12–16, 2016.

237. Abenezer Wudenhe, Q. Meng and F.S. Choa, "Three-Dimensional EEG Signal Tracking for Reproducible Brain Activity Monitoring", IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium, Paper P01.08, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 3, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spmb.2016.7846869.

238. N. B. Singh, Fow-Sen Choa, Thomas Knight, Bradley Arnold, and Lisa Kelly, “Nano-engineered Alloy Composites for High-Q Inductors”, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), Bethesda MD, Dec. 7-9, 2016.

239. N. B. Singh, Fow-Sen Choa, Bradley Arnold and Lisa Kelly, “Development of Novel Wide Bandgap Crystals: Low Temperature Growth of 2H-SiC and beta-Gallium Oxide”, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), Bethesda MD, paper FP4-01, Dec. 7-9, 2016.

240. Qinglei Meng, Julian Loiacono, Fow-Sen Choa, “Application of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation System Development”, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), Bethesda MD, paper FP1-02, Dec. 7-9, 2016.

241. Hanmin Qian, Qinglei Meng, Fow-Sen Choa, “New Model of Portable Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Apparatus”, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), Bethesda MD, paper FA1-02, Dec. 7-9, 2016.

242. N. B. Singh (Plenary), Ching Hua Su, Bradley Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa, “Multifunctional 2D-materials; Selenides and halides” International conference on multifunctional materials” National Institute of Technology, Patna, India Oct. 26-28, 2016. (presentation)

243. Narasimha Prasad (Invited), Sonali Saraf, Christopher Cooper, Pietro Strobbia, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa and N. B. Singh, International conference on multifunctional materials” National Institute of Technology, Patna, India Oct. 26-28, 2016. (presentation)

244. N. B. Singh (Plenary), B. Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa,” Growth mechanism of nanowires” International Conference on nanomaterials technology, Gorakhpur University, India, March 2016. (presentation)

245. N. B. Singh (Plenary), B. Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa,” Performance of nanomaterials for imaging applications: Nanoparticle and nanowire based detectors” International Conference on Biotechnology, Allahabad University, India, February 2016. (presentation)

246. N. B. Singh (Plenary), B. Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa, “Acousto-Optic Hyperspectral imagers for chemical, biological and agricultural applications” International Conference on biological and Agricultural Sensors, Sam Higgins Inst. Tech., Allahabad, February, India 2016. (presentation)

247. Qinglei Meng, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa;” Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Coil Designing for High Electromagnetic Field Gradient Generation”, 2nd International Brain Stimulation Conference, paper P2-129, Barcelona, March 6-8, 2017.

248. Qinglei Meng, Mitchell Cherry, Xiaoming Du, Hanbin Lu, Elliot Hong, Yihong Yang, Fow-Sen Choa, “Magnetic Focusing by Magnetic shielding for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation”, 2nd International Brain Stimulation Conference, paper P2-056, Barcelona, March 6-8, 2017.

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