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(qp E r qp 44%45P%?45<?V?pL42DM"{WP}01{WP}10{WP}10{WP}10۪   ЫHistory 494A/711B:  THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF JAPAN ÀЫFall Semester, 2001 VDCCq%DqDVڀW 6:008:30, Adm.711Prof. Constantine N. Vaporis Office 723 Adm., tel. 4552092email: vaporis@umbc.eduOffice hrs: MF 11:50ЫCourse Description: A brutal and bitter war in the Pacific was followed unexpectedly by an amicable American Occupation of Japan, which lasted from 194552. The victors embarked on a bold experiment to remake Japan by demilitarizing and democratizing that society. Although almost fifty years have passed since the completion of the Occupation, its legacy is still much debated. Did America recreate Japan or simply act as a catalyst for change? Lest we fall prey to an Americancentric view, it is essential for us to ask, What was the Japanese contribution to the events taking place in their country during these years? More fundamentally, we must consider how much continuity there is between prewar and postwar Japan. This encounter between the cultures on both sides of the Pacific may, of course, also be examined from the perspective of the occupiers, for it was as much a part of American, as it was Japanese, history.In this colloquium we will explore the many contradictions inherent in the Americanled revolution from above. Some of our goals are: 1) to see the Occupation as a processa process in which the Japanese were not passive, but rather played an active role; 2) to see the Japanese in war as well as peacetime not as a monolith but as a multiplicity of voices that comprised no single or uniform experience; and 3) to explore the ambiguity of the occupation as well as its numerous postwar legacies.Grading:Class Participation, 50%Weekly Reading Responses: 20%Final Paper (1215 pp.): 20%Oral presentation of paper, 10%;ЫWeekly Reading Responses: Each week students will turn in a reading response paper, approximately 12 pages in length. These should respond to the materials assigned for a given week. You may choose to focus on a single reading assignment or try to link several reading assignments from that week. The papers should discuss and analyze the major arguments or themes of the readings assigned for a given day. If the assigned reading is an academic article, it is always a good idea to identify the authors thesis in relation to the broader themes of the class. If the reading is a primary source, it is generally useful to identify the main themes and relate them to the larger aims of the course. Papers are due in class, and late papers are not accepted, except in cases of illness or with prior permission of the professor. Students who miss class will still be expected to submit reading repsonse papers to the professors mailbox before class. You have the option of not writing a response one week during the semester.Class Participation: This grade will be based on students preparation for and contribution to class discussion. This class is a colloquium centered around the discussion of assigned texts. To that end, all students are required to complete the assigned readings before scheduled class meetings. A students class participation grade will be evaluated according to whether s/he contributes thoughtfully and constructively to discussion based on a careful consideration of the readings, and not according to the amount of talking done. Each graduate student will be asked to present a short oral presentation on one of the supplemental readings. Selections will be assigned on a firstcome, firstserve basis.Final Paper: Each student will complete an original 1215 pp. (Undergraduates may target the lower end of that range) research paper exploring some aspect of the Occupation. Each student is expected to meet with me to discuss potential topics before October 10. A bibliography and prospectus (a topic paragraph or more) are due by October 31. The final paper is due December 5, 2001. Please note that I will not accept papers by emailthank you for your cooperation.Required Textbooks:ÀJohn Dower. War Without Mercy. Race and Power in the Pacific War. (Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award)_____. Embracing Defeat. Japan. Japan in the Wake of World War II. (Winner of the Pulitzer Prize)Herbert Bix. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. (Winner of the Pulitzer Prize)Richard B. Finn, Winners in Peace. MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar JapanÀSodei Rinjiro. Dear General MacArthur. Letters from the Japanese during the American Occupation.ÀBeate Sirota Gordon. The Only Woman in the Room.Richard Minear. Victors Justice. The Tokyo War Crimes Trial.Mark Sandler, ed. The Confusion Era. Art and Culture of Japan During the Allied Occupation, 19451952.ÂOther Readings: available in the History Department Student Reading Room, Adm. 719. Copies from the Reading Room are to be read on the premisesplease do not remove them from the premises. Thank you for your cooperation.Reference Materials at Kuhn Library:ÀRobert E. Ward and Frank Shulman, eds., The Allied Occupation of Japan, 194552: An Annotated Bibliography of WesternLanguage Materials.(on reserve)Robert Wolfe, ed., Americans as Proconsuls. United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 19441952. (on reserve)ÀSupreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Government Section, ÂPolitical Reorientation of Japan, 2 vols. (on reserve)John W. Dower with Timothy S. George, Japanese History and Culture From Ancient to Modern Times: Seven Basic BibliographiesÖsee the section on the Occupation. REF DS835.D676 1995U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS).All monographs pertaining to the Occupation have been placed on overnight reserve at the library. A list of them is available at the end of this syllabus.General Reference Work on Japan:ÀKodansha Encyclopedia of Japan (DS 805.K633 STACKS FOLIO). Another, noncirculating, copy, with the same call number, is available in the Reference section. 1. Microfilm Sources Available at UMBC:A. SCAP Monographs. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. History of the Nonmilitary Activities of the Occupation of Japan, 19451951 (Microfilm #215, 13 reels):*Trials of Class "B" and Class "C" War Criminals*Local Government Reform*The Purge [of those elements responsible for Japanese aggression and war]*Constitutional Revision*Legal and Judicial Reform*Freedom of the Press*Theater and Motion Pictures*Treatment of Foreign Nationals*Reparations*Promotion of Fair Trade Practices*Religion*National and Local Government Finance*Money and Banking*Foreign TradeA printed guide accompanies the microfilm, and should be consulted before using the material.B. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, SCAP directives to the Imperial Japanese Government, 7 reels microfilm, call# D802.J3A5, no. 11744, no. 17512204 (194552). Also available at College Park. ÀÀC. Operations of the Civil Intelligence Section, GHQ, FEC, & SCAP. Tokyo, Japan, 1949 (4 vols. on 1 reel microfilm). #L9400010, shelf No. 51350.2. CDRom Source (Windows) at UMBC:ÀDonald L. Robinson and Ray A. Moore, The Constitution of Japan, a Documentary History of its Framing and Adoption, 194547. Media KNX2064.51947A2C65 1998 (on reserve at Media desk, 2nd floor, Kuhn library)À3. Other Libraries and Archives:ÂA. East Asia Collection, University of Maryland College ParkIncludes the William Sebald (political adviser to MacArthur) papers, Justin Williams (head of Government section, Legislative Division) papers.Please refer to handout.B. Gordon W. Prange Collection, University of Maryland College Parkwww.lib.umd.edu/UMCP/PRC/prange.htmlPrange worked in the G2 Historical Section, went on to prolific career writing about the war, e.g. At Dawn We Slept.C. SCAP Collectionlocated at National Archives II, College Park, Marylandwww.nara.gov/dc/Archives2D. Richard Deverall Papers, Denver Memorial Library, Catholic University, Washington, D.C.E. MacArthur Memorial Library and Archives, Norfolk, Va. See MacArthur home page at: sites.communitylink.org/mac/The archival collection, on microfilm, can be borrowed through interlibrary loan. À р ÁSchedule of Meetings and Assigned Readings:À рWeek 1 (8/29): Organizational Meeting and Introduction ÀWeek 2 (9/5): Understanding Prewar Japan (1)Reading: John Dower, War Without MercyÀGraduate students: also read Akira Iriye, Power and Culture. The JapaneseAmerican War, 19411945, 135; and John Dowers review of Iriye: Rethinking World War II in Asia, Reviews in American History (June 1984), 156168.ÀÀDocumentary (in class): Know Your EnemyJapan (director Frank Capra, 1945)What were the popular perceptions of the Japanese in America at the end of WWII?ÀSupplemental Reading:Yukiko Koshiro. TransPacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan (1999)ÀWeek 3 (9/12): Understanding Prewar Japan (2): Emperor HirohitoReading: Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 118, 5784, 91middle 96, 11523, 13550, 16181, 186247, 279530ÀDocumentary (in class): Hirohito (1989)ÀÀSupplemental Reading:Edward Behr. Hirohito. Behind the MythÀStephen S. Large, Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan : a political biography.Images and some text on Hirohitos funeral (1989): cidc.library.cornell.edu/DOF/japan/captioned/funerals.htmWeek 4 (9/19) BeginningsReadings:ÀJohn Dower, Embracing Defeat, pp. 20120.Richard Finn, Winners in Peace, pp. 188, 10535. Please note that there is a very useful chronology of the main events of the Occupation on pp. 317321, followed by a List of Principal Actors, pp. 322324.)Guest lecturer: Prof. Rebecca Boehling will speak for part of the classon the Allied Occupation of GermanyDocumentary (in class): Reinventing JapanÀWeek 5 (9/26): Reforming JapanÀReadings:Dower, 203318Bix, 53379, 61946Graduate Students: Using the SCAP monographs (available on microfilm in Kuhn Library) or one of the sources listed below, select an area of reform of interest to you to read more on and to discuss in class. (This is in addition to the above assignment.)Video: Our Job in Japan (17:50); portions of No Regrets for Our Youth, dir. Kurosawa Akira. See Mark Sandler, The Confusion Era, pp. 5860, for a brief discussion of the film.)ÀSupplemental Reading:Theodore Cohen, Remaking Japan. The American Occupation as New Deal. (Memoir of Chief of Labor Division)R. P. Dore, Land Reform in Japan.ÀJacob van Staaveren, An American in Japan, 19451948. A Civilian View of the Occupation (education officers account)Joseph C. Trainor, Educational Reform in Occupied Japan. Trainors Memoir. (Head of Education Division)SCAP monographs on: Freedom of the Press, Religion, the Purge, Legal and Judicial ReformÀMonica Braw, The Atomic Bomb SuppressedÀÀWeek 6 (10/3): War CrimesÀReadings: Richard Minear, Victors Justice. The Tokyo War Crimes Trial (entire)Dower, 31945, 44384 (optional, but please be sure to view the photos).ÀÀGraduate Students:Herbert Bix, Hirohito, 581618ÀSupplemental Readings: www.yasukuni.or.jp (official web site of Yasukuni Shrine, where the spirits of the Japanese war dead, including the executed Class A War Criminals, are enshrined).Tim Manga, Judgment at Tokyo.ÀRichard R. Lael, The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility.John L. Ginn, Sugamo Prison. An Account of the Trial and Sentencing of Japanese War Criminals in 1948 by a U.S. Participant.Kurt Steiner, War Crimes and Command Responsibility: From the Bataan Death March to the My Lai Massacre, Pacific Affairs (Summer 1985), 29398.B.V.A. Roling and C.F. Ruter, eds. The Tokyo Judgement: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), 26 April 194612 November 1948. 3 vols. APA University Press, 1977. (The judgement is in vol. 1; Justice Pals dissent is in vol. 2); available on interlibrary loan from College Park).SCAP Monographs, Trials of Class B and Class C War Criminals, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. History of the Nonmilitary Activities of the Occupation of Japan, 19451951 (Microfilm #215).Documentary (in class): The Tokyo War Crimes Trials (Tokyo saiban), dir. Shinoda Masahiro (1985)Week 7 (10/10): Making a Constitution (1)Readings: Finn, 89104; Dower, 346440; assignment TBA from CDRom, The Constitution of Japan (on reserve at Media Desk, second floor, Kuhn LibraryÀVisit these web sites to read popular Japanese opinion on the Constitution:www.japanecho.co.jp/docs/html/240315.htmlwww.japanecho.co.jp/docs/html/240317.htmlwww.kanzaki.com/jpoll/constitution1997.html (Japanese opinion)ÀSupplemental Reading:Justin Williams, Sr., Japans Political Revolution under MacArthur (memoir of Head of Government Section).ÀTetsuya Kataoka. The Price of a Constitution. Inoue Kyoko. MacArthurs Japanese Constitution. A Linguistic and Cultural Study.ÀWeek 8 (10/17): Making a Constitution (2): Women and Human RightsÀReadings:Beate Sirota Gordon, The Only Woman in the Room (entire, skim 3950)Susan J. Pharr, The Politics of Womens Rights, in Robert Ward and Sakamoto Yoshikazu, Democratizing Japan. The Allied Occupation, pp. 22148.ÀWeek 9 (10/24) Arts & CultureÀReadings: Mark Sandler, The Confusion Era (entire)Kojima Nobuo, "The American School," in Howard Hibbett, ed., Contemporary Japanese Literature, pp. 120144.Dower, 12199 ( The Cultures of Defeat)Supplemental Reading:SCAP Monographs: Theater and Motion PicturesShiro Okamoto, The Man Who Saved Kabuki (2001)Kyoko Hirano. Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation, 19451952.Video (part 1, in class): MacArthurs Children (see Sandler, Confusion Era, pp. 3950, for an introduction to the film.)ÀWeek 10 (10/31) MacArthur and the Japanese ResponseReading: Sodei Rinjiro, Dear MacArthur (entire)ÀVideo (part 2, in class): MacArthurs ChildrenÀSupplemental Reading:Michael Schaller. Douglas MacArthur. The Far Eastern General (1989)William Manchester, American Caesar. Douglas MacArthur,18801964.Week 11 (11/7): The Second Half of the Occupation (The Reverse Course and the Cold War)ÀReading:Finn, 136316Supplemental Reading:Sakamoto Yoshikazu, The International Context of the Occupation of Japan, in Ward and Sakamoto, ed., Democratizing Japan, 4275.Michael Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan. The Origins of the Cold War in Asia.Eleanor Hadley, Antitrust in JapanÀSCAP Monographs: Reparations; Promotion of Fair Trade Practices; Foreign Trade; Money and BankingÀWeek 12 (11/14) and Week 14 (11/28): The Mixed Legacy of the Occupation (no class 11/21)Readings:Dower, Embracing Defeat, 52546Bix, Hirohito, 647688Handouts on 2001 textbook controversyWeb sites (select at least two): Â A. Tokyo War Crimes Trial and Nanjing Massacrewww.cnd.org:8001/NJMassacre/nj.htmlwww.centurychina.com/wiihist/japdeny/tokyo_trial.html: A Chinese viewB. Center of Research and Documentation on Japans War Responsibilitywww.jca.ax.apc.org/JWRC/center/english/indexenglish.htmC. Comfort Women:a) Lisa Go, An Unbroken History of Japans Sex Slaves, ASANews (April 1994):Csf.Colorado.edu/ipe/Geographic_Archive/asia/women/Japanese_Sex_Slaves.textb) Comfort Women Question and Answer:www1.coralnet.or.jp/kakichi/summary.html D. Unit 731: Nicholas D. Kristof, Unlocking a Deadly Secret, New York Times: www.centurychina.com/wiihist/germwar/germwar.htmSupplemental Readings:Maria Rosa Henson. Comfort Woman: A Filipinas Story of Prostitution and Slavery under the Japanese Military (1999)Tanaka Toshiyuki, Hidden Horrors. Japanese War Crimes in World War IIÀPeter Williams and David Wallace, Unit 731: Japans Secret Biological Warfare in World War II (1989).Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (1997)Tanaka Masaaki, What Really Happened in Nanking (2000)ÀWeek 15 (12/5): Student Presentations and DiscussionÁList of Books on Overnight Reserve at Kuhn Library:Allison, Anne. Permitted and Prohibited Desires. Mothers, Comics and Censorship in Japan. (1996)*ÀBates, Peter. Japan and the British Commonwealth Occupation Force.Brackman, Arnold C. The Other Nuremberg : the untold story of the Tokyo war crimes trials.Braw, Monica. The Atomic Bomb Suppressed. (censorship)Buckley, Roger. Occupation Diplomacy.Burkman, Thomas W. The Occupation of Japan. The International Context.Cohen, Theodore. Remaking Japan.Dees, Bowen C. The Allied Occupation and Japans Economic Miracle.Dower, John. Empire and Aftermath.Dower, John. Japan in War and Peace.Dower, John. War Without Mercy.Feary, Robert A. The Occupation of Japan, Second Phase.ÀFeis, Herbert. Contest Over Japan. (Atomic bomb)Gayn, Mark. Japan Diary. (Newsweek correspondent)Ginn, John L. Sugamo Prison, Tokyo: an account of the trial and sentencing of Japanese war criminals in 1948 by a U.S. Participant.Haring, Douglas G. Japans Prospect.ÀHarries, Marion. Sheathing the Sword. (Japanese remilitarization)Henderson, Dan Fenno. The Constitution of Japan. Its first twenty years.Higgins, Raymond. From Hiroshima with Love.Hirano, Kyoko. Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. (Film and the occupation)Hosoya, C. The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. An International Symposium.Inoue, Kyoko. MacArthurs Japanese Constitution: A Linguistic and Cultural Study.Kataoka, Tetsuya. The Price of a Constitution.Kawai, Kazuo. Japans American Interlude.Kempo Chosakai. Japans Commission on the Constitution.Koseki, Shoichi. The Birth of Japans Postwar Constitution.Koshiro, Yuhiko. TransPacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan.Large, Stephen S. Emperors of the Rising Sun.Large, Stephen S. Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan. A Political Biography.Manchester, William. American Caesar. Douglas MacArthur,18801964.Martin, Edwin W. The Allied Occupation of Japan.Minear, Richard. Victors Justice. The Tokyo War Crimes Trial.Molasky, Michael. The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa. Literature and Memory.ÀNakamura, Masanori. The Japanese Monarchy. 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