Political Information

Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (1922)

Walter Lippmann, The Phantom Public (1925)

Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1944), Chapter 21

Bernard Berelson, "Public Opinion and Democratic Theory," Public Opinion Quarterly, Fall 1952

Bernard Berelson, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee, Voting (1954), Chapter 14 ("Democratic Practice and Democratic Theory")

Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957), Chapters 11-13

Philip Converse, "Information Flow and the Stability of Partisan Attitudes," Public Opinion Quarterly, Winter 1962

Gordon Tullock, Toward a Mathematics of Politics (1967), Chapter 7 ("Political Ignorance")

Bernard Grofman, "Judgmental Competence of Individuals and Groups in a Dichotomous Choice Situation: Is a Majority of Heads Better Than One?" Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1978

Nicholas Miller, "Information, Electorates and Democracy: Some Extensions and Interpretations of the Condorcet Jury Theorem," in Bernard Grofman and Guillermo Owen, eds., Information Pooling and Group Decision Making (1986)

Nicholas Miller, "Information, Individual Errors, and Collective Performance: Empirical Evidence on the Condorcet Jury Theorem," Group Decision and Negotiation, May 1966

Donald Stokes and Warren Miller, "Party Government and the Saliency of Congress," Public Opinion Quarterly, Winter 1962

Larry Bartels, "Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections," American Journal of Political Science, February, 1996

John A. Ferejohn and James Kuklinski, eds., Information and Democratic Processes (1990)

Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter (1991)

Bernard Grofman,ed., Information, Participation, and Choice: An Economic Theory of Democracy in Perspective (1993)

Samuel Popkin, "Information Shortcuts and the Reasoning Voter," in Bernard Grofman, ed., Information, Participation, and Choice.

Roger Noll, "Downsian Thresholds and the Theory of Political Advertising," in Bernard Grofman, ed., Information, Participation, and Choice.

Benjamin Page and Robert Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (1992)

Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (1996)

Michael S. Delli Carpini and Scott Keeter, What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters (1996)

R. Michael Alverez, Information and Elections (1996)

James Fiskin, The Voice of the People (1995)

James Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions For Democratic Reform (1991)
 

Public Opinion
 

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835)

Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (1955)

Robert Lane, "The Fear of Equality," American Political Science Review, March 1959

Robert Lane, Political Ideology: Why the American Common Man Believes What He Does (1962)

Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (1963)

Donald Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (1972)

Jennifer Hochschild, What's Fair? American Beliefs About Distributive Justice (1981)

Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos: Public Attitudes toward Democracy and Capitalism (1984)

T. W. Adorno, et al. The Authoritarian Personality (1950)

Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man (1960), especially Chapter 4 ("Working Class Authoritarianism")

Samuel Stouffer, Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties (1955)

James Prothro and Charles Grigg, "Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement," Journal of Politics, 1960

Herbert McClosky, "Consensus and Ideology in American Politics," American Political Science Review, June 1964

Herbert McClosky and Alida Brill, Dimensions of Tolerance (1983)

Dennis Chong, "How People Think, Reason, and Feel about Rights and Liberties," American Journal of Political Science, August 1993.

V.O. Key, Public Opinion and American Democracy (1961)

Paul Abramson, Political Attitudes in America (1983)

Angus Campbell et al., The American Voter (1960), Chapter 10 ("Formation of Issue Concepts and Partisan Change")

Philip Converse, "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," in David Apter (ed.), Ideology and Discontent (1964)

John Field and Ronald Anderson, "Ideology in the Public's Conception of the 1964 Election," Public Opinion Quarterly, Fall 1969.

Norman Nie and Kristi Andersen, "Mass Belief Systems Revisited: Political Change and Attitude Structure," Journal of Politics, 1974.

John Sullivan et al., "Ideological Constraint in the Mass Public: A Methodological Critique and Some New Findings," American Journal of Political Science, May 1978.

Phillip Converse and Gregory Markus, "Plus ça change...: The New CPS Election Study Panel," American Political Science Review, March 1979.

Richard Scammon and Ben Wattenberg, The Real Majority (1970)

Norman Nie, Sidney Verba, and John Petrocik, The Changing American Voter (1976)

Everett Carll Ladd, Where Have All The Voters Gone, Chapter 3 ("The Divided Democrats")

E.J. Dionne, Jr., Why Americans Hate Politics (1991)

William G. Mayer, The Changing American Mind: How and Why American Public Opinion Between 1960 and 1988 (1992)

Byron E. Shafer and William Claggett, The Two Majorities: The Issue Context of Modern American Politics (1995)

Eric Smith, The Unchanging American Voter (1989)

W. Russell Neuman, The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion in the American Electorate (1986)

Paul Sniderman and Michael Hagen, Race and Inequality: A Study in American Values (1985)

Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics (1977)

Sidney Verba and Gary R. Orren, Equality in America: The View From the Top (1985)
 
 
 

Political Participation
 

Julian L. Woodward and Elmo Roper, "Political Activity of American Citizens," American Political Science Review, December 1950

W. H. Morris-Jones, "In Defense of Political Apathy," Political Studies, 1954

Robert Lane, Political Life (1959)

Morris Rosenberg, "Some Determinants of Political Apathy," Political Science Quarterly, Winter 1954-55

Lester Milbraith and M. L. Goel, Political Participation, 2nd ed. (1977)

Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America ( 1972)

Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality: A Seven Nation Comparison (1978)

Lester Milbraith and M. L. Goel, Political Participation, 2nd ed. (1977)

Jack Nagel, Participation (1987)

Margaret Conway, Political Participation in the United States, 2nd ed. (1990)

Sidney Verba et al., "Citizen Activity: Who Partipates? What Do they Say," American Political Science Review, June 1993

Henry Brady, Sidney Verba, and Kay Lehman Schlozman, "Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation," American Political Science Review, June 1995

Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Volunteerism in American Politics (1995)

Sidney Verba, "The Citizen Respondent: Sample Surveys and American Democracy," American Political Science Review, March 1996

Robert Putnam, "Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America," PS: Political Science and Politics, December 1995

Herbert McClosky et al., "Issue Conflict and Consensus Among Party Leaders and Followers," American Political Science Review, June 1960

Philip Converse, et al., "Electoral Myth and Reality: The 1964 Election," American Political Science Review, June 1965

Aaron Wildavsky, "The Goldwater Phenomenon: Purists, Politicians, and the Two-Party System," Review of Politics, July 1965

Aaron Wildavsky, "Bill Long: Portrait of an Activist," in Wildavsky, The Revolt Against the Masses (1971)

Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (1970)

Dennis F. Thompson, The Democratic Citizen (1970)

Michael Walzer, "A Day in the Life of a Socialist Citizen," Dissent, May-June 1968

J. R. Lucas, Democracy and Participation (1975)

Jane Mansbridge, Beyond Adversary Democracy (1980)

James Q. Wilson, The Amateur Democrat (1962)

Robert Dahl, Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy (1982)

James Buchanan, Robert Tollison, and Gordon Tullock, eds., Towards a Theory of the Rent-Seeking Society (1980)

James A. Stimson, Michael B. MacKuen, and Robert Erikson, "Dynamic Representation," American Political Science Review, September 1995
 
 
 

Rational Choice and Political Mobilization
 

Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, Chapter 3

William Riker and Peter Ordeshook, "A Theory of the Calculus of Voting," American Political Science Review, March 1968

Brian Barry, Sociologists, Economists and Democracy, Chapter 1 ("The State of Political Theory")

John Ferejohn and Morris Fiorina, "The Paradox of Not Voting: A Decision Theoretic Analysis," American Political Science Review, June 1974

Morris Fiorina, "The Voting Decision: Instrumental and Expressive Aspects," Journal of Politics, May 1976

Richard Niemi, "Costs of Voting and Nonvoting," Public Choice (Fall, 1976)

Bernard Grofman, "Models of Voter Turnout: A Brief Idiosyncratic Review," Public Choice, 41/1, 1983

Guillermo Owen and Bernard Grofman, "To Vote or Not To Vote: The Paradox of Nonvoting," Public Choice, 42/3, 1984

Bernard Grofman, "Is Turnout the Paradox That Ate Rational Choice Theory?" in Bernard Grofman, ed., Information, Participation, and Choice (1993)

John Aldrich, "Rational Choice and Turnout," American Journal of Political Science, February 1993.

Albert Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty (1970)

Steven Rosenstone and John Mark Hanson, Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (1993)
 
 
 

Collective Action
 

Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (1965)

Brian Barry, Sociologists, Economists and Democracy, Chapter 2 ("Political Participation as Rational Action")

Russell Hardin, "Collective Action as an Agreeable n-Prisoners' Dilemma," Behavioral Science, September 1971
 

Richard Wagner, "Pressure Groups and Political Entrepreneurs," Papers on Non-Market Decision Making (Public Choice), 1966

Norman Frohlich, Joe Oppenheimer, and Oran Young, Political Leadership and Collective Goods (1971)

Brian Barry and Russell Hardin, eds., Rational Man and Irrational Society?, Part I (1982)

Russell Hardin, Collective Action (1982)

Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (1984)

David Knoke, Organizing for Collective Action, 1990

Dennis Chong, Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement (1991)

Todd Sandler, Collective Action: Theory and Applications (1992)

Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (1995)
 
 
 

Interest Groups and Policy Arenas
 

Arthur Bentley, The Process of Government (1908)

E. E. Schattschneider, Politics, Pressures and the Tariff (1935)

David Truman, The Governmental Process (1951)

Earl Latham, The Group Basis of Politics (1952)

E. E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People (1960)

Raymond Bauer, Ithiel de Sola Pool, and Lewis Anthony Dexter, American Business and Public Policy (1964)

Theodore Lowi, "American Business, Case Studies, Political Theory and Public Policy," World Politics, July 1964 (X)

Michael Hayes, "Interest Groups and Congress: Toward a Transactional Theory," in Leroy Rieselback, ed., The Congressional System, 2nd ed. (1979)

Douglas Heckathorn and Steven Maser, "The Contractual Architecture of Public Policy: A Critical Reconstruction of Lowi's Typology," Journal of Politics, November 1990

Lewis Anthony Dexter, How Organizations are Represented in

Washington (1969)

Stanley Surrey, "How Special Tax Provisions Get Enacted," in Randall Ripley, ed., Public Policies and Their Politics (1966)

Robert Salisbury, "An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups, "Midwest Journal of Political Science, February 1969

James Q. Wilson, Political Organizations (1973)

Andrew McFarland, Public Interest Lobbies (1976)

Jeffrey Berry, Lobbying For The People (1977)

Terry Moe, The Organization of Interests (1980)

Jeffrey Berry, The Interest Group Society (1984)

Andrew McFarland, Common Cause: Lobbying in the Public Interest (1984)

Kay Lehman Schlozman, "What Accent the Heavenly Chorus? Political Equality and the American Pressure System," Journal of Politics, November 1984

Lucig H. Danielian and Benjamin I. Page, "The Heavenly Chorus: Interest Group Voices on TV News," American Journal of Political Science, November 1994

Grant McConnell, Private Power and American Democracy (1966)

Theodore Lowi, The End of Liberalism (1969)

Charles Lindblom, Politics and Markets (1977)

Nicholas Miller, "Pluralism and Social Choice," American Political Science Review, September 1983

Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions (l989)

William C. Mitchell, "Interest Groups: Economic Perspectives and Contributions," Journal of Theoretical Politics, January 1990

William C. Mitchell and Michael Munger, ""Economic Models of Interest Groups: An Introductory Survey," American Journal of Political Science, May 1991

Jack Walker, "Political Mobilization in America," in John E. Jackson, ed., Institutions in American Society, 1990

Jack Walker, Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements (1991)

Gary J. Miller, "Abnormal Politics: Possibilities for Presidential Leadership," Political Economy Working Paper, Washington University, 1991

Robert Salisbury, Interests and Institutions (1992)

Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (1982)

Jonathan Rauch, Demosclerosis: The Silent Killer of American Government (1994)
 
 
 

Voting, Spatial Models, and Electoral Competition
 

Harold Hotelling, "Stability in Competition," Economic Journal, March 1929

Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1944), Chapters 22

American Political Science Association, "Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: Summary and Conclusions" (1950)

Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957)

Charles Lindblom, "In Praise of Political Science," World Politics, January 1957.

James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (1962)

Donald Stokes, "Spatial Models of Party Competition," American Political Science Review, June 1963

Albert Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty (1970), Chapter 6

Kenneth Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values, 2nd ed. (1963)

Kenneth May, "A Set of Independent, Necessary, and Sufficient Conditions for Simple Majority Rule," Econometrica, October 1952

Duncan Black, The Theory of Committees and Elections (1958)

Robin Farquharson, Theory of Voting (1969)

William Riker, "Voting and the Summation of Preferences," American Political Science Review, December 1961

Charles Plott, "Axiomatic Social Choice Theory: An Overview and Interpretation," American Journal of Political Science, August 1976

William Riker and Richard Niemi, "The Choice of Voting Systems," Scientific American, June 1976

William Riker, Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice (1982)

Douglas Blair and Robert Pollack, "Rational Social Choice," Scientific American, August 1983

Nicholas Miller, Bernard Grofman, and Scott Feld, "The Geometry of Majority Rule," Journal of Theoretical Politics, October 1989

Nicholas Miller, Committees, Agendas, and Voting, 1995

Dennis Mueller, "Public Choice: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature, June 1976

Dennis Mueller, Public Choice, 2nd ed. (1990)

Brian Barry and Russell Hardin, Rational Man and Irrational Society?, Part II (1982)

Thomas Schwartz, "Votes, Strategies, and Institutions: An Introduction to the Theory of Collective Choice," in Matthew McCubbins and Terry Sullivan, eds., Congress: Structure and Policy (1987)

Otto Davis, et al., "An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process," American Political Science Review, June 1970

Peter Ordeshook, "Extension to a Model of the Electoral Process and Implications for the Theory of Responsible Parties," Midwest Journal of Political Science, February 1970.

Peter Ordeshook, "The Spatial Theory of Elections: A Review and Critique," in Ian Budge et al., eds., Party Identification and Beyond: Representations of Voting and Party Competition (1976).

John Aldrich, "A Downsian Spatial Model with Party Activism," American Political Science Review, December 1983.

Walter Stone and Alan Abramowitz, "Winning May Not Be Everything, But It's More Than We Thought: Presidential Party Activists in 1980," American Political Science Review, December 1983.

John Ledyard, "The Pure Theory of Large Two-Candidate Elections," Public Choice, 44/1, 1984

Randal Calvert, "Robustness of the Multidimension Voting Model: Candidate Motivations, Uncertainty, and Convergence," American Journal of Political Science, February 1985.

Benjamin Page, "Elections and Social Choice: The State of the Evidence," American Journal of Political Science, August 1977.

Benjamin Page, Choices and Echoes in Presidential Elections (1978)

Kaare Strom, "A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties," American Journal of Political Science, May 1990
 
 
 

Party Formation, Electoral Systems, and Political Incentives
 

E. E. Schattschneider, Party Government

V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics (1949), especially Chapter 14 ("The Nature and Consequences of One-Party Factionalism")

Maurice Duverger, Political Parties (1954)

William H. Riker, The Theory of Political Coalitions (1962)

James Q. Wilson, Political Organizations (1973)
 

William Keefe, Parties, Politics and Public Policy in America, 3rd ed. (1980)

Richard Dawson and James Robinson, "Inter-Party Competition, Economic Variables, and Welfare Policies in the American States," Journal of Politics, May 1963

Joseph Schlesinger, "On the Theory of Party Organization," Journal of Politics, May 1984

Leon Epstein, Political Parties in Western Democracies (1967)

Leon Epstein, Political Parties in the American Mold (1986)

Samuel Eldersveld, Political Parties in American Society (1982)

André Blais et al., "Do Parties Make a Difference? Parties and the Size of Government in Liberal Democracies," American Journal of Political Science, February 1993.

Charles Adrian, "Some General Characteristics of Nonpartisan Elections," American Political Science Review, Sept. 1952

David Butler, Howard Penniman, and Austin Ranney, Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections (1981)

Douglas Rae, The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, rev. ed., (1971)

Richard Katz, A Theory of Parties and Electoral Systems (1980).

Arend Lijphart and Bernard Grofman, eds., Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives (1984).

Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, eds. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (1986).

André Blais, "The Classification of Electoral Systems," European Journal of Political Research, 1988).

Arend Lijphart, "The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945-85," American Political Science Review, June 1990

André Blais, "The Debate over Electoral Systems," International Political Science Review, 1991.

Rein Taagepera and Matthew Soberg Shugart, Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems (1989)

Arend Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990 (1993).

Douglas Amy, Real Choices/New Voices: The Case for Proportional Representation in the United States (1993).

Lani Guinier, Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in American Democracy (1994)

Gary Cox, "Centripetal and Centrifugal Incentives in Electoral Systems," American Journal of Political Science, November 1991

Steven Brams, "Approval Voting: A Practical Reform for Multicandidate Elections," National Civic Review, November 1979

David Mayhew, "Congressional Representation: Theory and Practice in Drawing the Districts," in Nelson Polsby, ed., Reapportionment in the 1970s (1971)

Bruce Cain, The Reapportionment Puzzle (1984)

David Butler and Bruce Cain. Congressional Districting: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives (1992)

Daniel Mazmanian, "Third Parties in Presidential Elections," in Jeff Fishel, ed., Parties and Elections in an Anti-Party Age (1978)

P. Abramson et al., "Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot." Political Science Quarterly, Fall 1995

Steven Rosenstone, Roy Behr, and Edward Lazarus, Third Parties in America, 2nd ed. (1996)
 
 
 

Voting Turnout
 

Charles E. Merriam and Harold F. Gosnell, Non-Voting: Causes and Methods of Control (1924)

Harold F. Gosnell, Getting Out the Vote: An Experiment in the Stimulation of Voting (1927)

Walter Dean Burnham, "The Changing Shape of the American Political Universe," American Political Science Review, March 1965

Jerrold Rusk, "The Effect of the Australian Ballot Reform on Split Ticket Voting: 1876-1908,"American Political Science Review, December 1970

Philip Converse, "Change in the American Electorate," in Angus Campbell and Philip Converse, eds., The Human Meaning of Social Change (1972)

Steven Rosenstone and Raymond Wolfinger, "The Effects of Registration Law on Voting Turnout," American Political Science Review, March 1978

V. Lance Tarrance, "Suffrage and Voting Turnout in the U.S.: The Vanishing Voter," in Jeff Fishel, ed., Parties and Elections in an Anti-Party Age (1978)

Richard Brody, "The Puzzle of Political Participation in America," in Anthony King, ed., The New American Political System (1978)

Walter Dean Burnham, "The Appearance and Disappearance of the American Voter," in Richard Rose, ed., Electoral Participation (1980)

Raymond Wolfinger and Steven Rosenstone, Who Votes? (1980)

James DeNardo, "Turnout and the Vote: The Joke's on the Democrats," American Political Science Review, June 1980

Richard Boyd, "The Decline of U.S. Voting Turnout: Structural Explanations," American Politics Quarterly, 1981

Thomas Cavanaugh, "Changes in American Voting Turnout: 1964-1976," Political Science Quarterly, Spring 1981

Robert Erikson, "Why Do People Vote? Because They Are Registered," American Politics Quarterly, 1981

Paul Abramson and John Aldrich, "The Decline of Participation in America," American Political Science Review, September 1982

Lee Sigelman et al. "Voting and Nonvoting: A Multi-Election Perspective, American Journal of Political Science, November 1985.

Ruy A. Teixeira, Why American Don't Vote: Turnout Decline in the United States, 1960-1984 (1987)

Ruy A. Teixeira, "Will the Real Nonvoter Please Stand Up?" Public Opinion, July-August 1988

Ruy A. Teixeira, "Registration and Turnout," Public Opinion, January-February 1989

Frances Fox Pliven and Richard Cloward, Why Americans Don't Vote (1988)

Michael Avey, The Demobilization of American Voters: A Comprehensive Theory of Voter Turnout (1989)

Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, "Government Statistics and Conflicting Explanations of Nonvoting," PS: Political Science and Politics, September 1989.

Stephen E. Bennett, "The Uses and Abuses of Registration and Turnout Data," PS: Political Science and Politics, June 1990.

Lyn Ragsdale and Jerrold Rusk, "Who Are Nonvoters? Profiles From the 1990 Senate Elections," American Journal of Political Science, August 1993.

Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. "Voting Turnout in Thirty Democracies: Partisan, Legal, and Socio-Economic Influences," in R. Rose, ed., Electoral Participation

G. Bingham Powell, "American Voting Turnout in Comparative Perspective," American Political Science Review, March 1986

Robert Jackman, "Political Institutions and Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies," American Political Science Review, June 1987

Ivor Crewe, "Electoral Participation," in David Butler et al., eds., Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections (1981)

André Blais and R.K. Carty, "Does Proportional Representation Foster Voter Turnout?" European Journal of Political Research, 1990

Stephen Ansolabehere et al., "Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate," American Political Science Review, December 1994

Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar, Going Negative: How Attack Ads Shrink and Polarize the Electorate (1996)
 
 
 

The Partisan Electorate
 

Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet, The People's Choice (1944)

Bernard Berelson, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee, Voting (1954)

Angus Campbell, Gerald Gurin, and Warren Miller, The Voter Decides (1954)

Angus Campbell, Phillip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes, The American Voter (1960)

Angus Campbell, Phillip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes, Elections and the Political Order (1966)

Philip Converse, "The Concept of the Normal Vote," in Campbell et al., Elections and the Political Order

Philip Converse, Angus Campbell, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes, "Stability and Change in 1960: A Reinstating Election," American Political Science Review, June 1961

Angus Campbell, "A Classification of the Presidential Elections" in Campbell et al., Elections and the Political Order

Angus Campbell, "Surge and Decline: A Study of Electoral Change," Public Opinion Quarterly, Fall 1960

Donald Stokes, "Some Dynamic Elements of Contests for the Presidency," American Political Science Review, March 1966

Robert Axelrod, "Where The Votes Come From," American Political Science Review, March 1972

V. O. Key, Jr., The Responsible Electorate (1966)

Paul Abramson, John Aldrich, and David Rohde, Change and Continuity in the 1984 Elections (1986)

Paul Abramson, John Aldrich, and David Rohde, Change and Continuity in the 1988 Elections (1990)

Paul Abramson, John Aldrich, and David Rohde, Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections (1994)

John R. Petrocik, "An Expected Party Vote: New Data for an Old Concept," American Journal of Political Science, February 1989

Richard Johnston, "Party Identification Measures in the Anglo-American Democracies: A National Survey Experiment," American Journal of Political Science, May 1992

Bruce Keith et al., The Myth of the Independent Voter (1992)

James E. Campbell, "The Revised Theory of Surge and Decline," American Journal of Political Science, November 1987

Norman Nie, Sidney Verba, and John Petrocik, The Changing American Voter (1976)

Warren E. Miller and J. Merrill Shanks, The American Voter Reconsidered (1995)
 
 
 

Electoral Alignments, Realignment, and Dealignment

V.O. Key, Jr., "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics, February 1955

V.O. Key, Jr., "Secular Realignment and the Party System," Journal of Politics, May 1959

Walter Dean Burnham, "The Changing Shape of the American Political Universe," American Political Science Review, March 1965

Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (1970)

James Sunquist, Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the U.S. (1973)

Kristi Anderson, The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928-1936 (1979)

Robert Erikson and Kent Tedlin, "The 1928-1936 Partisan Realignment: The Case for the Conversion Hypothesis," American Political Science Review, December 1981

Joel H. Silbey, "Beyond Realignment and Realignment Theory: American Political Eras, 1789-1989," in Byron Shafer, ed., The End of Realignment: Interpreting American Electoral Eras (1991)

Paul Abramson, Generational Change in American Politics (1975)

Paul Allen Beck, "A Socialization Theory of Partisan Realignment," in Richard Niemi and Herbert Weisberg, eds., Controversies in American Voting Behavior (1976)

Paul Allen Beck, "The Electoral Cycle and Patterns of American Politics," British Journal of Political Science, 1979

Philip Converse et al., "Continuity and Change in American Politics: Parties and Issues in the 1968 Election," American Political Science Review, December 1969

Ellis Sandoz and Cecil Crabb, eds. A Tide of Discontent: The 1980 Elections and Their Meaning, 1981

Everett Carll Ladd, Where Have All the Voters Gone? 2nd ed. (1982)

Michael Nelson, ed., The Elections of 1984 (1985)

Everett Carll Ladd, "Like Waiting for Godot: The Uselessness of 'Realignment' for Understanding Change in Contemporary American Politics," in Byron Shafer, ed., The End of Realignment (1991)

Robert Huckfeldt and Carol W. Kohfeld, Race and the Decline of Class in American Politics (1989)

Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics (1989)

Alan Abramowitz, "Issue Evolution Reconsidered: Racial Attitudes and Partisanship in the U.S. Electorate," American Journal of Political Science, February 1994.

Gerald Pomper, "The Decline of Party in American Elections," Political Science Quarterly, Spring 1977

Norman Nie, Sidney Verba, and John Petrocik, The Changing American Voter (1976)

Martin Wattenberg, The Decline of American Political Parties: 1952-1992 (1994)

Thomas Edsall and Mary Edsall, "Race [and Contemporary American Party Politics]," The Atlantic, May 1991

Thomas Edsall and Mary Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (1991)

Martin Wattenberg, "From a Partisan to a Candidate-Centered Electorate," in Anthony King, ed., The New American Political System, 2nd version (1990)

Martin Wattenberg, The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics: Presidential Elections in the 1980s (1992)

Gary Jacobson, The Electoral Origins of Divided Government (1990)

Edward G. Carmines, "The Logic of Party Alignments," Journal of Theoretical Politics, January 1991

Byron E. Shafer, "The Notion of an Electoral Order: The Structure of Electoral Politics at the Accession of George Bush," in Byron Shafer, ed., The End of Realignment (1991)

W. Phillips Shively, "From Differential Abstention to Conversion: A Change in Electoral Change, 1864-1988," American Journal of Political Science, May 1992

Peter F. Nardulli, "The Concept of Critical Realignment, Electoral Behavior, and Political Change, American Political Science Review, March 1995

Martin Wattenberg, "Why Clinton Won and Dukakis Lost: An Analysis of the Candidate-Centered Nature of American Party Politics," Party Politics, April 1995

Everett Carll Ladd, "The 1994 Congressional Elections: The Realignment Continues," Political Science Quarterly, Spring 1995

Gary C. Jacobson, "The 1994 House Elections in Perspective," Political Science Quarterly, Spring 1995

Candidate Supply and Selection (Not on Current Syllabus)
 

Maurice Duverger, Political Parties (1951)

Leon Epstein, "British Mass Parties in Comparison with American Parties," American Political Science Review, March 1956

Epstein, Political Parties in Western Democracies (1967), especially Chapter 8 ("Candidate Selection")

Austin Ranney, Pathways to Parliament (1965)

James David Barber, The Lawmakers: Recruitment and Adaptation to Legislative Life (1965)

Joseph Schlesinger, Ambition in Politics: Political Careers in the United States (1966)

Gordon S. Black, "A Theory of Political Ambition: Career Choices and the Role of Structural Incentives," American Political Science Review, March 1972

Samuel Kernell, "Toward Understanding 19th Century Congressional Careers: Ambition, Competition, and Rotation," American Journal of Political Science, November 1977

David Mayhew, "Congressional Elections: The Case of the Vanishing Marginals," Polity, Spring 1974

David Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (1974)

Gary Jacobson, Money in Congressional Elections (1980)

Gary Jacobson, "The Marginals Never Vanished: Incumbency and Competition in Elections to the U.S. House of Representatives, 1952-1982," American Journal of Political Science, February 1987

Monica Bauer and John R. Hibbing, "Which Incumbents Lose in House Elections: A Reply to Jacobson's 'The Marginals Never Vanished," American Journal of Political Science, February 1989

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