Electoral Systems (Mostly Theoretical or Comparative):

Ames, Barry. "Electoral Strategy under Open-List Proportional Representation," American Journal of Political Science, 39 (1995), 406-433.

Amorim, Octavio N., and Gary W. Cox. "Electoral Institutions, Cleavage Structures, and the Number of Parties," American Journal of Political Science, 41 (1997), 149-174.

Balinski, Michel, and H. Peyton Young. "Stability, Coalitions, and Schisms in Proportional Representation Systems," American Political Science Review, 72 (1978).

Blais, Andre. "The Classification of Electoral Systems," European Journal of Political Research 16 (1988), 99-110.

Blais, Andre. "The Debate over Electoral Systems," International Political Science Review, 12 (1991), 239-260. A thorough summary of the political effects of electoral systems.

Blais, Andre, and R. K. Carty. "The Impact of Electoral Formulae on the Creation of Majority Governments," Electoral Studies, 6 (1987), 209-118.

Blais, Andre, and R. K. Carty. "Does Proportional Representation Foster Voter Turnout? European Journal of Political Research, 18 (1990), 167-181.

Bowler, Shaun, David Lanoue, and Paul Savoie, "Electoral Systems, Party Competition, and Strength of Partisan Attachment: Evidence From Three Countries," Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 991-1007.

Brams, Steven J., and Peter C. Fishburn. "Approval Voting," American Political Science Review, 72 (1978), 831-847.

Brams, Steven J., and Peter C. Fishburn. Approval Voting (Kluwer, 1982).

Cox, Gary W. "Centripetal and Centrifugal Incentives in Electoral Systems," American Journal of Political Science, 34 (1990), 903-935.

Cox, Gary W. "SNTV and d'Hondt are 'Equivalent'," Electoral Studies, 10 (1991), 118-132.

Cox, Gary W. "Strategic Voting Equilibria under the Single Nontransferable Vote," American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 608-621.

Cox, Gary W. "Is the Single Nontransferable Vote Superproportional? Evidence from Japan and Taiwan," American Journal of Political Science, 40 (1996), 740-755.

Cox, Gary W., and Emerson Niou. "Seat Bonuses Under the Single Non-Transferable Vote System: Evidence from Japan and Taiwan," Comparative Politics, 26 (1993).

Doron, Gideon, and Ronald Kronick, "The Single Transferable Vote: An Example of a Perverse Social Choice Function," American Journal of Political Science, 21 (1977), 303-311.

De Meaur, Gisele, and Marjorie Gassner. "Problems of Equity in Multiparty Representational Systems: What We Want and Why We Can't," in M. Holler, ed., The Logic of Multiparty Systems.

Ethics, 91 (April, 1981). A special issue on representation, with philosophical and conceptual essays.

Felsenthal, Dan S. "Is Cumulative Voting Really Different From One-Man, One-Vote?" Electoral Studies, 4 (1985), 141-148.

Fishburn, Peter C. "Paradoxes of Voting," American Political Science Review, 68 (1974), 537-546.

Fishburn, Peter C., and Steven J. Brams, "Paradoxes of Preferential Voting," Mathematics Magazine, 56 (1983), 371-397.

Gallagher, Michael, "Proportionality, Disproportionality, and Electoral Systems," Electoral Studies, 10 (1991), 33-51.

Gallagher, Michael. "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities," British Journal of Political Science, 22 (1992), 469-496.

Glasser, Gerald J. "Game Theory and Cumulative Voting for Corporate Directors," Management Science, 5 (1959), 151-156.

Goldberg, Carol. "The Accuracy of Game Theory Predictions for Political Behavior: Cumulative Voting in Illinois Revisited," Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 885-900.

Grumm, John G. "Theories of Electoral Systems," Midwest Journal of Political Science, 2 (1958), 357-376.

Hare, Thomas. The Election of Representatives, Parliamentary and Municipal (Longman, Green, 1861). Original statement of the Hare quota, STV, and the ideal of proportional representation.

Hermans, F. A. Democracy or Anarchy: A Study of Proportional Representation (Notre Dame, 1941). A severe critique, based in part on the experience of inter-war Germany.

Hoag, C. G., and G. H. Hallet. Proportional Representation (Macmillan, 1926). Advocacy of PR, in particular STV.

Katz, Richard S. A Theory of Parties and Electoral Systems (Hopkins, 1980). A theoretical and empirical accounting of the effects of electoral systems on party behavior.

Lakeman, Enid, and James D. Lambert. Voting in Democracies: A Study of the Majority and Proportional Electoral Systems (Faber and Faber, 1959). A survey plus advocacy of STV by the grande dame of the British Electoral Reform Society.

Laakso, Markku. "Thresholds for Proportional Representation: Reanalyzed and Extended," in M. Holler, ed., The Logic of Multiparty Systems.

Levin, Johnathan, and Barry Nalebuff. "An Introduction to Vote Counting Schemes," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995), 3-26.

Lijphart, Arend. "Advances in the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems," World Politics, 36 (1984), 424-436.

Lijphart, Arend, "The Field of Electoral Systems Research: A Critical Survey," Electoral Studies 4 (1985), 3-14.

Lijphart, Arend. "The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945-85," American Political Science Review, 84 (1990), 481-496.

Lijphart, Arend. "Majority Rule in Theory and Practice: The Tenacity of a Flawed Paradigm," International Social Science Quarterly, 43 (1991), 483-493.

Lijphart, Arend. "The Electoral Systems Researcher as Detective: Probing Rae's Suspect Differential Proposition on List Proportional Representation," in D. Kavanagh, ed. Electoral Politics.

Lijphart, Arend. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990 (Oxford, 1993). The most up-to-date and authoritative word on the subject.

Lijphart, Arend, and R. W. Gibbard, "Thresholds and Payoffs in List Systems of Proportional Representation," European Journal of Political Research, 5 (1977), 219-244.

Lijphart, Arend, and Bernard Grofman. Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives (Praeger, 1984). Twenty three essays; see attached Table of Contents

Merrill, Samuel, III. "Approval Voting: A 'Best Buy' Method for Multicandidate Elections," Mathematics Magazine, 52 (1979), 98-102.

Merrill, Samuel, III. "A Comparison of Efficiency of Multicandidate Electoral Systems," American Journal of Political Science, 28 (1984), 23-48.

Merrill, Samuel, III. Making Multicandidate Elections More Democratic (Princeton, 1988).

Mill, John Stuart. Considerations on Representative Government, 1861.

Monroe, Burt L. "Disproportionality and Malapportionament: Measuring Electoral Inequity," Electoral Studies, 13 (1994), 132-149.

Monroe, Burt L. "Understanding Electoral Systems: Beyond Plurality versus PR," PS: Political Science and Politics, 27 (1994), 677-682.

Monroe, Burt L. "Fully Proportional Representation," American Political Science Review, 89 (1995), 925-940.

Myerson, Roger B. "Analysis of Democratic Institutions: Structure, Conduct and Performance," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995), 77-89.

Nurmi, Hannu. "On the Properties of Voting Systems," Scandinavian Political Studies, 4 (1981), 19-32

Nurmi, Hannu. "On Apportionment and Proportional Representation," Political Studies, 33 (1985), 113-121.

Nurmi, Hannu. "Mathematical Models of Elections and Their Relevance for Institutional Design," Electoral Studies, 5 (1986), 167-181.

Nurmi. Hannu. Comparing Voting Systems (Reidel, 1987).

Petit, J.L., and E. Térouanne. "A Stormy Assembly: Electoral Paradoxes," Theory and Decision, 22 (1987), 271-284.
 

Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. "Voting Turnout in Thirty Democracies: Partisan, Legal, and Socio-Economic Influences," in R. Rose, ed., Electoral Participation

Powell, G. Bingham. "American Voting Turnout in Comparative Perspective," American Political Science Review, 80 (1986), 17-44.

Powell, G. Bingham. "Constitutional Design and Citizen Electoral Control," Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1 (1989), 107-130.

Rae, Douglas. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws (Yale, 1967), 2nd ed. (Yale, 1971). The first systematic empirical examination.

Rae, Douglas. "Using District Magnitude to Regulate Political Party Competition," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995), 65-75.

Rae, Douglas, V. Hanby, and J. Loosemore. "Thresholds of Representation and Thresholds of Exclusion: An Analytical Note on Electoral Systems," Comparative Political Studies, 3 (1971), 479-488.

Reeve, Andrew, and Alan Ware. Electoral Systems: A Comparative and Theoretical Introduction (Routledge, 1992)

Riker, William H. "The Number of Political Parties: A Reexamination of Duverger's Law," Comparative Politics, 9 (1976), 93-106.

Riker, William H. "The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law: An Essay in the History of Political Science," American Political Science Review, 76 (1982), 753-766.

Sawyer, Jack, and Duncan MacRae, Jr. "Game Theory and Cumulative Voting in Illinois: 1902-1954," American Political Science Review, 56 (1962), 936-946.

Sen, Amartya. "How to Judge Voting Schemes," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995), 91-98.

Shugart, Matthew S. "Electoral Reform in Systems of Proportional Representation," European Journal of Political Research, 21 (1992), 207-224.

Sugden, Robert. "Free Association and the Theory of Proportional Representation," American Political Science Review, 78 (1984), 31-43.

Taagepera, Rein, and Matthew S. Shugart. "Designing Electoral Systems," Electoral Studies, 8 (1989), 49-58.

Taagepera, Rein, and Matthew S. Shugart. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems (Yale, 1989). For the time being, the definitive empirical and inductive-theoretical work on the subject.

Taylor, Peter J., and R. J. Johnston. "Proportional Tenure vs. Proportional Representation," European Journal of Political Research, 13 (1985), 387-399.

Tideman, Nicolaus. "The Single Transferable Vote," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995), 27-38.

Tufte, Edward R. "The Relationship Between Seats and Votes in Two-Party Systems," American Political Science Review, 67 (1973), 540-547.

Urwin, Derek. "Choosing Representatives: Majority Electoral Systems," Social Studies Review, 3 (March, 1987), 23-30.

Urwin, Derek. "Electing Representatives: Proportional Systems," Social Studies Review, 3 (May, 1987), 1-12.

Van Deeman, Adrian, "Paradoxes of Voting in Lists Systems of Proportional Representation," Electoral Studies, 12 (1993), 234-241.

Van den Bergh, George. Unity in Diversity: A Systematic Critical Analysis of All Electoral Systems (Batsford, 1955).

Weber, Robert. "Approval Voting," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995), 39-49.

Wildgen, John K. "Electoral Formulae and the Number of Parties," Journal of Politics, 34 (1972), 943-950.

Wright, Stephen G., and William H. Riker. "Plurality and Runoff Systems and the Number of Candidates," Public Choice, 60 (1989), 155-175.

Young, Peyton. "Optimal Voting Rules," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995), 51-64.
 
 
 
 
 

Electoral Systems (Mostly Descriptive and Topical):
 

Adrian, Charles. " Some General Characteristics of Nonpartisan Elections, American Political Science Review, 46 (1952), 766-776.

Amy, Douglas J. Real Choices/New Voices: The Case for Proportional Representation in the United States (Columbia, 1993). Analysis and advocacy of PR, especially STV, for U.S. elections.

Blair, George S. "Cumulative Voting: Patterns of Party Allegiance and Rational Choice in Illinois State Legislative Contests," American Political Science Review, 52 (1958), 123-130.

Blair, George. S. Cumulative Voting: An Effective Electoral Device in Illinois Politics (Illinois, 1960).

Blais, Andre, and Louis Massicotte, "Electoral Systems," Chapter 2 in LeDuc, Niemi, and Norris, eds. Comparing Democracies

Blaker, Michael K., ed. Japan at the Polls: The House of Councillors Election of 1974 (AEI, 1976).

Bogdanor, Vernon. The People and the Party System: The Referendum and Electoral Reform in British Politics (Cambridge, 1981).

Bogdanor, Vernon. What Is Proportional Representation? A Guide to the Issues (Martin Robertson, 1984).

Bogdanor, Vernon, and David Butler, eds. Democracy and Elections: Electoral Systems and Their Political Consequences (Cambridge, 1983). Case studies of "Westminster systems," France, Germany, Italy, Scandinavia, Benelux, Ireland, Greece, Japan, and the European Parliament.

Brams, Steven J. "The American Political Science Association and Minority Representation," PS, 3 (1970), 321-335.
 
 
 
 
 

Brams, Steven J. "Approval Voting: A Practical Reform for Multicandidate Elections," National Civic Review, 68 (November 1979), 549-553.

Butler, David. The Electoral System in Britain since 1918 (Clarendon/Oxford, 1963)

David Butler, "Electoral Systems," Chapter 2 in Butler et al., Democracy at the Polls

Campbell, P. French Electoral Systems (Faber & Faber, 1965).

Cain, Bruce. "Strategic Voting in Britain," American Journal of Political Science, 22 (1978), 639-655.

Cairns, Allan C. "The Electoral System and the Party System in Canada, 1921-1965," Canadian Journal of Political Science, 1 (March, 1968), 54-80.

Carstairs, Andrew M. A Short History of Electoral Systems in Western Europe (Allen & Unwin, 1980)

Cerney, Karl H., ed. Scandinavia at the Polls (AEI, 1977).

Chandler, J. A. "The Plurality Vote: A Reappraisal," Political Studies, 30 (1982), 87-94.

Chubb, B. "Procedures for Voting and Counting the Votes in Force in 1977," in Penniman, ed., Ireland at the Polls (AEI, 1978).

Christensen, Raymond, and Paul E. Johnson. "Toward a Context-Rich Analysis of Electoral Systems: The Japanese Example," American Journal of Political Science, 39 (1995), 575-598.

Common Cause, Toward a System of Fair and Effective Representation (1977).

Curtice, John. "The British Electoral System: Fixture Without Foundation," in D. Kavanagh, ed., Electoral Politics.

Curtice, John, and Michael Steed. "Electoral Choice and the Production of Government: The Changing Operation of the Electoral System in the United Kingdom since 1955," British Journal of Political Science, 12 (1982).

Elklit, Jorgen. "Simpler Than Its Reputation: The Electoral System in Denmark Since 1920," Electoral Studies, 12 (1993), 40-57.

Feller, B., and Hugh A. Bone. "Repeal of P.R. in New York City: Ten Years in Retrospect," American Political Science Review, 42 (1948), 127-148.

Finer, S. E., ed. Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform (Wigram, 1975).

Gallagher, M. "Disproportionality in a Proportional Election System: The Irish Experience," Political Studies, 23 (1975), 501-513.

Goldman, Robert P. "An Analysis of Cincinnati's Proportional Representation Elections," American Political Science Review, 24 (1930), 698-710.

Grofman, Bernard, and Arend Lijphart, eds. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (Agathon, 1986). Twenty essays; see attached Table of Contents.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Grofman, Bernard, Edwin Winckler, Sung Chull Lee, and Brian Woodall, eds., Elections and Campaigning in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan: SNTV and the Study of Embedded Institutions (University of Michigan Press, forthcoming).

Gosnell, Harold F. "A List System with Single Candidate Preferences," American Political Science Review, 33 (1939), 645-650.

Gunther, Richard. "Electoral Laws, Party Systems and Elites: The Case of Spain," American Political Science Review, 83 (1989), 835-858.

Hallet, George E. Proportional Representation: The Key to Democracy (National Municipal League, 1940). The classic argument in favor of PR in the US.

Hand, Geoffrey, Jacques Georgel, and Christoph Sasse, eds. European Electoral Systems Handbook (Butterworths, 1979).

Hansard Society, The Report of the Hansard Society on Electoral Reform (1976).

Hart, Jennifer. Proportional Representation: Critics of the British Electoral System, 1820-1945 (Oxford/Clarendon, 1992).

Hickman, John. "The New Electoral System in the Japanese Lower House," paper presented at the 1995 Annual Meeeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 1995

Hrebenar, Ronald J. "The Politics of Electoral Reform in Japan," Asian Survey, 17 (1977), 978-796.

Herman, V., and M. Hagger. The Legislation of Direct Election to the European Parliament (Gower, 1980).

Katz, Richard. "But How Many Candidates Should We Have in Donegal? Numbers and Electoral Efficacy in Ireland," British Journal of Political Science, 11 (1981), 177-122.

Katz, Richard, and L. Bardi. "Preference Voting and Turnover in Italian Parliamentary Elections," American Journal of Political Science, 24 (1980), 97-114.

Kuklinski, James H. "Cumulative and Plurality Voting: An Analysis of Illinois's Unique Electoral System," Western Political Quarterly, 26 (1973), 726-746.

Lakeman, Enid. How Democracies Vote: A Study of Majority and Proportional Electoral Systems (Faber & Faber, 1970).

Laver, Michael. "The Logic of Plurality Voting in Multi-Party Systems: Tactical Voting in Liverpool Elections," in M. Holler, ed., The Logic of Multiparty Systems.

Leduc, Lawrence. "Performance of the Electoral System in Recent Canadian and British Elections," in M. Holler, ed., The Logic of Multiparty Systems.

Levine, Stephen and Nigel S. Roberts. "The New Zealand Electoral Referendum of 1992," Electoral Studies, 12 (1993), 158-167.

Lijphart, Arend, and G.A. Irwin. "Nomination Strategies in the Irish STV System: The Dail Elections of 1969, 1973, and 1977," British Journal of Political Science, 9 (1979), 362-369.

Lijphart, Arend. "The Demise of the Last Westminster System? Comments on the Report of New Zealand's Royal Commission on the Electoral System," Electoral Studies, 6 (1987), 97-103.

Mackenzie, W. M. J. Free Elections: An Elementary Textbook (Allen & Unwin, 1958).

Mair, P., and Michael Laver. "Proportionality, P.R., and S.T.V. in Ireland," Political Studies, 23 (1975), 491-500.

Marsh, Michael. "The Voters Decide?: Preferential Voting in European List Systems," European Journal of Political Research, 13 (1985), 365-378.

Matland, Richard, and Donley Studlar, " The Contagion of Women Candidates in Single-Member District and Proportional Electoral Systems: Canada and Norway," Journal of Politics, 58 (1996), 707-733.

McGeever, Patrick. "The Japanese Electoral System," Parliamentary Affairs, 17 (1963-64), 418-429.

Miller, Kenneth E. "The Danish Electoral System," Parliamentary Affairs 18 (1964-65), 71-81.

Nagel, Jack. "Lessons of the Impending Electoral Reform in New Zealand," PEGS [Political Economy of the Good Society] Newsletter, 1993

Nagel, Jack. "How Many Political Parties will New Zealand have under MMP?" Political Science [New Zealand], 46 (1994), 139-160

O'Leary, C. Irish Elections, 1918-1977: Parties, Voters, and Proportional Representation (St. Martin's, 1979).

Pederson, M. W. "Preferential Voting in Denmark," Scandinavian Political Studies, 1 (1966), 167-187.

Penniman, Howard R., ed. Canada at the Polls: The National Election of 1974 (AEI, 1975).

Penniman, Howard R., ed. Australia at the Polls: The National Election of 1975 (AEI, 1977).

Penniman, Howard R., ed. Italy at the Polls: The Parliamentary Election of 1976 (AEI, 1977).

Penniman, Howard R., ed. Ireland at the Polls: The Dail Elections of 1977 (AEI, 1978).

Penniman, Howard R., ed. New Zealand at the Polls: The General Election of 1978 (AEI, 1980).

Penniman, Howard R., ed. Italy at the Polls: A Study of The Parliamentary Election of 1979 (AEI, 1981).

Penniman, Howard R., ed. Greece at the Polls: The National Elections of 1974 and 1977 (AEI, 1981).

Penniman, Howard R., ed. Canada at the Polls, 1979 and 1980: A Study of the General Elections (AEI, 1981).

Raymond Plant, "Criteria for Electoral Systems: The [British] Labour Party and Electoral Reform," Parliamentary Affairs, 44 (1991), 549-557.

Pollock, James K. "The West German Electoral Law of 1953," American Political Science Review, 49 (1955), 107-130.

Reed, Steven R. "Structure and Behavior: Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese Case," British Journal of Political Science, 20 (1990), 335-356.

Roberts, Geoffrey. "'Representation of the People': Aspects of the Relationship between Electoral Systems and Party Systems in the Federal Republic of Germany ad the United Kingdom." in M. Holler, ed., The Logic of Multiparty Systems.

Roberts, Geoffrey. "The 'Second-Vote' Strategy of the West German Free Democratic Party," European Journal of Political Research, 16 (1988), 317-337.

Ross, J. F. S. Elections and Electors: Studies in Democratic Representation (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1955).

Rule, Wilma. "Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women's Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-Three Democracies," Western Political Quarterly, 40 (1987), 477-498.

Rule, Wilma. "Women's Underrepresentation and Electoral Systems," PS: Political Science and Politics, 27 (1994), 689-692.

Rule, Wilma, and Joseph Zimmerman, eds. United States Electoral Systems: Their Impact on Women and Minorities (Greenwood, 1992).

Sasse, Christoph, et al. The European Parliament: Toward a Uniform Procedure for District Elections (European University Institute, 1981).

Shively, W. Phillips. "The Elusive Psychological Factor: A Test for the Impact of Electoral Systems on Voters' Behavior," Comparative Politics, 3 (1970), 115-125.

Shugart, Matthew F. "The Two Effects of District Magnitude: Venezuela as a Crucial Experiment," European Journal of Political Research, 13 (1985), 353-364.

Spafford, Duff. "The Electoral System of Canada," American Political Science Review, 64 (1970), 168-176.

Weiner, Myron. India at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1977 (AEI, 1978).

Zimmerman, Joseph F. "Alternative Voting Systems for Representative Democracy," PS: Political Science and Politics, 27 (1994), 674-677.
 
 
 

Apportionment and Legislative Districting:
 

Adams, Greg D. "Legislative Effects of Single-Member Vs. Multi-Member Districts," American Journal of Political Science, 40 (1996), 129-144.

"The Reapportionment of Congress," American Political Science Review, 45 (1951), 153-157.

Baker, Gordon E. Rural Versus Urban Political Power (Doubleday, 1955). Districting before Baker v. Carr.

Baker, Gordon E. The Reapportionment Revolution (Random House, 1966). An early assessment of the effects of Baker v. Carr.

Balinski, Michel, and H. Peyton Young. Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote (1983). The history of Congressional apportionment and the definitive analysis of apportionment methods (as applied to both legislative and list-PR apportionment).
 
 
 

Brams, Steven J. "The Alabama Paradox," Chapter 6 in Paradoxes in Politics: An Introduction to the Nonobvious in Political Science (Free Press, 1976).

Bullock, Charles S. III. "The Inexact Science of Congressional Districting," PS, 15 (1982), 431-438.

Butler, David, and Bruce Cain. "Reapportionment: A Study in Comparative Government," Electoral Studies, 4 (1985), 197-213.

Butler, David, and Bruce Cain. Congressional Districting: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives (Macmillan, 1992).

Cain, Bruce E. The Reapportionment Puzzle (California, 1984). Case study of redistricting in California for the 1980s and consideration of implications for the general problem.

Cain, Bruce E. "Assessing the Partisan Effects of Redistricting," American Political Science Review, 79 (1985), 320-333.

Cain, Bruce E. "Simple vs. Complex Criteria for Partisan Gerrymandering: A Comment on Niemi and Grofman," UCLA Law Review, 33 (1985), 213-226.

Carter, Cyril. "Some Properties of Divisor Methods for Legislative Apportionment and Proportional Representation," American Political Science Review, 76 (1982), 575-584.

Cranor, John, Gary L. Grawley, and Raymond H. Scheele. "The Anatomy of a Gerrymander," American Journal of Political Science, 33 (1989), 222-239.

Dixon, Robert G. Democratic Representation and Reapportionment in Law and Politics (Oxford, 1968).

Erikson, Robert S. "Malapportionment, Gerrymandering, and Party Fortunes in Congressional Elections," American Political Science Review, 66 (1972), 1234-1245.

Ernst, Lawrence R. "Apportionment Methods for the House of Representatives and the Court Challenges," Management Science, 40 (October 1994), 1207-1227.

Gelman, Andrew, and Gary King. "A Unified Method of Evaluating Electoral Systems and Districting Plans," American Journal of Political Science, 38 (1994), 514-554.

Goldwin, Robert A. ed. Representation and Misrepresentation: Legislative Reapportionment in Theory and Practice (Rand McNally, 1968).

Grofman Bernard. "Criteria for Districting: A Social Science Perspective," UCLA Law Review, 33 (1985), 77-84.

Grofman, Bernard, ed. Political Gerrymandering and the Courts (Agathon, 1990). See attached Table of Contents.

Grofman, Bernard, with Bruce Cain, Gordon Baker, and Nelson W. Polsby. "Gerrymandering: Political Science Goes to Court," PS 18 (Summer 1985). Political scientists' testimony as expert witnesses in the Badham v. Eu partisan gerrymandering case.

Grofman, Bernard, Arend Lijphart, Robert McKay, and Howard Scarrow, eds. Representation and Redistricting Issues (Lexington, 1982). See attached Table of Contents.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Gudgin, G., and P. J. Taylor. Seats, Votes, and the Spatial Organization of Elections (Pion, 1979). A fairly technical analysis of spatial factors underlying the cube law and similar empirical regularities.

Gudgin, G., and P. J. Taylor. "The Decomposition of Electoral Bias in a Plurality Elections," British Journal of Political Science, 11 (1981), 515-522.

Hacker, Andrew. Congressional Districting: The Issue of Equal Representation (Brookings, 1963).

Hardy, Leroy, Alan Heslop, and Stuart Anderson. The History of Redistricting in the 50 States (SAGE, 1981).

Jewell, Malcolm. "Toward a New Model of Legislative Representation," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 4 (1979), 485-500.

Johnston, R.J. "Elections: Translating Votes into Seats," Chapter 4 in Political, Electoral, and Spatial Systems: An Essay in Political Geography, (Clarendon/Oxford, 1979).

Kaiser, Henry R. "An Objective Method for Establishing Legislative Districts," Midwest Journal of Political Science, 10 (1966), 200-213.

Kendall, M.G., and A. Stuart. "The Law of the Cubic Proportion in Electoral Results," British Journal of Sociology, 1 (1950), 183-196. A formal statement of a famous empirical regularity.

King, Gary. "Representation Through Legislative Redistricting: A Stochastic Approach," American Journal of Political Science, 33 (1989), 787-824.

King, Gary, and Robert Browning. "Democratic Representation and Partisan Bias in Congressional Elections," American Political Science Review, 81 (1987), 1251-1273.

Klain, Maurice. "A New Look at the Constituencies: A Recount and a Reappraisal," American Political Science Review, 49 (1955), 1105-1119.

Kuklinski, James H. "Representativeness and Elections: A Policy Analysis," American Political Science Review, 72 (1978), 165-177.

Kuklinski, James H. "Representative-Constituency Linkages: A Review Article," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 4 (1979).

McLean, Iain. "Apportionment and the Boundary Commission for England," Electoral Studies, 11 (1992), 293-309.

Mayhew, David R. "Congressional Representation: Theory and Practice in Drawing the Districts," in N. Polsby, ed., Reapportionment in the 1970s.

Niemi, Richard. "The Relationship Between Votes and Seats: The Ultimate Question in Political Gerrymandering," UCLA Law Review, 33, (1985), 185-212.

Niemi, Richard, and Alan Abromowitz, "Partisan Redistricting and 1992 Congressional Elections," Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 811-817.

Niemi, Richard, and John Deegan. "A Theory of Political Districting," American Political Science Review, 72 (1978), 1304-1323.

Niemi, Richard, and Patrick Fett. "The Swing Ratio: An Explanation and Assessment," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 11 (1986), 75-90.

Niemi, Richard G., Jeffrey Hill, and Bernard Grofman. "The Impact of Multimember District Elections on Party Representation in State Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 10 (1985), 441-455.

Niemi, Richard G., Bernard Grofman, Carl Carlucci, and Thomas Hofeller. "Measuring Compactness and the Role of a Compactness Standard in a Test for Partisan and Racial Gerrymandering," Journal of Politics, 52 (1991), 1155-1181.

Niemi, Richard, and Laura Winsky, "The Persistence of Partisan Redistricting Effects in Congressional Elections in the 1970s and 1980s," Journal of Politics, 54 (1992), 565-572.

Ostdiek, David, "Congressional Redistricting and District Typologies," Journal of Politics, 57 (1995), 533-543.

Polsby, Nelson, ed., Reapportionment in the 1970s (California, 1971).

Rush, Mark E. Does Redistricting a Difference? Partisan Representation and Electoral Behavior (Johns Hopkins, 1993). Questions the efficacy of partisan gerrymandering, on the basis of the unpredictability of voters.

Rush, Mark E. "Gerrymandering: Out of the Political Thicket and Into the Quagmire," PS: Political Science and Politics, 27 (1994), 682-685.

Sauer, C. O. "Geography and the Gerrymander," American Political Science Review, 12 (1910), 403-426.

Taylor, Peter J. "A New Shape Measure for Evaluating Electoral District Patterns," American Political Science Review, 67 (1973), 947-950.

Taylor, P.J., and R.J. Johnston. Geography of Elections (Holmes and Meier, 1979)

Young, H. Peyton. "Measuring the Compactness of Legislative Districts," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 13 (1988), 105-116.
 
 
 

The Voting Rights Act and Minority Representation:
 

Abrams, Kathryn. "'Raising Politics Up': Minority Political Participation and Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act," New York University Law Review, 63 (1988), 449-531.

Bartley, Norman V., and Hugh D, Graham. Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction (Hopkins, 1975).

Brace, Kimball, Bernard Grofman, and Lisa Handley, "Does Redistricting Aimed to Help Blacks Necessarily Help Republicans?" Journal of Politics 49 (1987), 169-185.

Bullock, Charles S. III. "Congressional Voting and the Mobilization of the Black Electorate in the South," Journal of Politics, 43 (1981), 662-682.

Bullock, Charles S. III. "Symbolics or Substance: A Critique of the At-Large Election Controversy," State and Local Government Review, 21 (1989), 91-99.
 
 
 

Bullock, Charles S. III. "Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, Districting Formats, and the Election of African Americans," Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 1098-1105.

Bullock, Charles S. III, and Loch K. Johnson. Runoff Elections in the United States (North Carolina, 1992). The definitive empirical examination of an institution that has been challenged on voting rights grounds.

Cameron, Charles, David Epstein, and Sharyn O'Halloran. "Do Majority-Minority Districts Maximize Substantive Black Representation in Congress?" American Political Science Review, 90 (1996), 794-812. A very nice theoretical and empirical analysis. The answer varies by region.

Cobb, Michael David, "Are Majority-Black Congressional Districts 'Safe Seats'," paper presented to 1995 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 1995.

Davidson, Chandler. "At-Large Elections and Minority Representation," Social Science Quarterly, 60 (1979), 336-337

Davidson, Chandler, ed. Minority Vote Dilution (Howard, 1984). A collection of essays that covers much the same ground as those in the later Grofman and Davidson volume from the perspective of eight years earlier.

Davidson, C., and G, Korbel. "At-Large Elections and Minority Group Representation: A Re-examination of Historical and Contemporary Evidence," Journal of Politics, 43 (1981), 982-1005.

Davidson, Chandler, and Bernard Grofman, eds. The Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act (Princeton, 1994). Detailed state-by-state surveys.

Engstrom, Richard L., and Charles J. Barrilleaux, "Native Americans and Cumulative Voting," Social Science Quarterly, 72 (1991), 388-393.

Engstromn, Richard L., and Michael D. McDonald. "The Election of Blacks to City Councils: Clarifying the Impact of Electoral Arrangements on the Seats/Population Relationship," American Political Science Review, 75 (1981), 344-354.

Engstrom, Richard L. "Pruning Thorns from the Political Thicket: An Empirical Test of the Existence of Racial Gerrymandering," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 2 (1977), 465-477.

Engstrom, Richard L. "The Voting Rights Act: Disfranchisement, Dilution, and Alternative Elections Systems," PS: Political Science and Politics, 27 (1994), 685-688.

Forster, Lorn S. ed. The Voting Rights Act: Consequences and Implications (Praeger, 1985).

Grofman, Bernard. "Would Vince Lombardi Have Been Right If He Had Said: 'When It Comes to Districting, Race Isn't Everything, It's the Only Thing'?" Cardozo Law Review, 14 (1993), 1237-1276.

Grofman, Bernard, and Chandler Davidson, eds. Controversies in Minority Voting: The Voting Rights Act in Perspective (Brookings, 1992).
 

Grofman, Bernard, and Lisa Handley. "Minority Population Proportion and Black and Hispanic Congressional Success in the 1970's s and 1980's," American Politics Quarterly, 17 (1989), 436-445.

Grofman, Bernard, and Lisa Handley. "Black Representation: Making Sense of Electoral Geography at Different Levels of Government," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 14 (1989), 265-279.

Grofman, Bernard, and Lisa Handley. "The Impact of the Voting Rights Act on Black Representation in Southern State Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 16 (1991), 111-127.

Grofman, Bernard, and Lisa Handley. "Identifying and Remedying Racial Gerrymandering," Journal of Law and Politics 8 (1992), 345-404.

Grofman, Bernard, and Lisa Handley. "1990s Issues in Voting Rights, Mississippi Law Journal 65 (1995), 205-270.

Grofman, Bernard, Lisa Handley, and Richard G. Niemi. Minority Representation and the Quest for Voting Equality (Cambridge, 1992). A survey of legal and political issues arising under the Voting Rights Act.

Guinier, Lani. "The Triumph of Tokenism: The Voting Rights Act and the Theory of Black Electoral Success," Michigan Law Review, 89 (1991), 1077-1154.

Guinier, Lani. "No Two Seats: The Elusive Quest for Political Equality," Virginia Law Review, 77 (1991), 1413-1514.

Guinier, Lani. "The Representation of Minority Interests: The Question of Single-Member Districts," Cardozo Law Review, 14 (1993), 1135-1174.

Guinier, Lani. "Groups, Representation, and Race-Conscious Districting: A Case of the Emperor's Clothes," Texas Law Review, 71 (1993), 1593-1642.

Guinier, Lani. The Tyranny of the Majority (Free Press, 1994). A broad introduction plus reprinted law review articles.

Hill, Kevin. "Does the Creation of Majority Black Districts Aid Republicans? An Analysis of the 1992 Congressional Elections in Eight Southern States," Journal of Politics, 57 (1995), 384-401.

Holcome, Arthur. "Direct Primaries and the Second Ballot," American Political Science Review, 5 (1910), 535-552.

Jones, Clinton. "The Impact of Local Election Systems on Black Political Apportionment," American Political Science Review, 62 (1968), 205-207.

Karnig, A. K., and Susan Welch, "Electoral Structure and Black Representation on City Councils," Social Science Quarterly, 63 (1982), 99-114.

Keech, William R. The Impact of Negro Voting: The Role of the Vote in the Quest for Equality (Rand McNally, 1968).

J. Morgan Kousser, "Shaw v. Reno and the Real World of Redistricting and Representation," Social Science Working Paper, California Institute of Technology, February 1995

Key, V.O., Jr. Southern Politics in State and Nations (Knopf, 1949). The classic description of Southern politics before the Voting Rights Act.

LaPonce, J. A. "The Protection of Minorities by the Electoral System," Western Political Quarterly, 10 (1957), 318-339.

Matthews, Donald R., and James W. Prothro. Negroes and the New Southern Politics (Harcourt, 1966). Black political participation in the South at the crest of the civil rights movement and just before enactment of the Voting Rights Act.

Maveety, Nancy. Representation Rights and the Burger Years (Michigan, 1991).

McClain, Paula, and many others. "Symposium: The Voting Rights Act After Shaw v. Reno," PS: Political Science and Politics, 28 (1995), 24-56.

Overby, L. Marvin, and Kenneth Cosgrave, "Unintended Consequences? Racial Redistricting and the Representation of Minority Interests," Journal of Politics, 58 (1996), 540-550.

Parker, Frank R. Black Votes Count: Political Empowerment in Mississippi after 1965 (North Carolina, 1990). Implementation of the Voting Right Act in the toughest case, written by an active participant in the litigation.

Safford, John L. "John C. Calhoun, Lani Guinier, and Minority Rights," PS: Political Science and Politics, 28 (1995), 211-216

Sass, Tim R., and Stephen L. Mehay, "Minority Representation, Election Method, And Political Influence: A Test of Guinier's 'Strange Ideas'," paper presented to the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Public Choice Society, Long Beach, March 1995.

Still, Edward. "Alternatives to Single-Member Districts," in C. Davidson, Minority Vote Dilution. Previews some of Lani Guinier's arguments.

Swain, Carol M. Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress (Harvard, 1993). The history of black Representatives, in-depth study of selected contemporary black representatives and districts, and a critique of racial gerrymandering.

Thernstrom, Abigail M. Whose Votes Count? Affirmative Action Minority Voting Rights (Harvard, 1987). Critique of "second generation" interpretations of the Voting Rights Act.

Welch, Susan, "The Impact of At-Large Elections on the Representation of Blacks and Hispanics," Journal of Politics, 52 (1990), 1050-76.

Welch, Susan, and Donley Studlar, "Multi-Member Districts and the Representation of Women: Evidence from Britain and the United States," Journal of Politics, 53 (1990), 391-414
 
 
 
 
 

Relevant General Political Theory and Analysis (and edited volumes previously cited):
 

Arrow, Kenneth J. Social Choice and Individual Values (Wiley, 1951) 2nd ed. (1963). The foundation of social choice theory and the General Impossibility Theorem.

Birch, A. H. Representation (Macmillan, 1972).

Black, Duncan. The Theory of Committees and Elections (Cambridge, 1958). The foundation of the formal theory of voting: single-peaked preferences and the Median Voter Theorem.

Buchanan, James M. and Gordon Tullock. The Calculus of Consent (Michigan, 1962). Unanimity rule, not majority rule, is special.

Butler, David, Howard Penniman, and Austin Raney. Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Comparative National Elections (AEI, 1981) A survey of the electoral process in thirty democracies.

Colman, Andrew M., and Ian Pountney, "Voting Paradoxes: A Socratic Dialogue," Political Quarterly, 46 (1975), 186-190 and 304-309

Downs, Anthony. An Economic Theory of Democracy (Harper, 1957). Party convergence in a two-party system (and many other good things).

Dummett, Michael. Voting Procedures (Clarendon/Oxford, 1984).

Duverger, Maurice. Political Parties (Wiley, 1951). Duverger's Law (pp. 216ff).

Farquharson, Robin. Theory of Voting (Yale, 1969). The incorporation of strategy into the theory of voting.

Gibbard, Allan. "Manipulation of Voting Schemes: A General Result," Econometrica, 41 (1973), 587-601. No voting scheme whatsoever can be strategyproof.

Holler, Manfred J., ed. The Logic of Multiparty Systems (Kluwer, 1987).

Johnston, J. Paul, and Harvey E. Pasis. Representation and Electoral Systems: Canadian Perspectives (Prentice-Hall, 1990). A useful collection of readings, about one third of which are specifically Canadian in focus.

Kavanagh, David, ed. Electoral Politics (Oxford/Clarendon, 1992).

LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi, and Pippa Norris, eds. Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective (Sage, 1996). In effect, an update of Butler et al.

Lijphart, Arend. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries (Yale, 1984).

Miller, Nicholas R. "Pluralism and Social Choice," American Political Science Review, 77 (1983), 734-747.

Miller, Nicholas R. Committees, Agendas, and Voting (Harwood, 1995). A survey of the formal theory of voting from Black and Farquharson onward. Copies available on request, but not really relevant to electoral systems.

Miller, Nicholas R. "Majority Rule and Minority Interests," in Ian Shapiro and Russell Hardin (eds.), Political Order: Nomos XXXVIII (New York University Press, 1996, 207-250).

Niemi, Richard G., and William H. Riker. "The Choice of Voting Systems," Scientific American, 234 (June 1976), 21-27.

Pennock, J. Roland, and John W. Chapman, eds., Representation: Nomos X (Atherton, 1968).

Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence (Harvard, 1982).
 

Pitkin, Hanna. The Conception of Representation (California, 1967).

Pitkin, Hanna. Representation (Atherton, 1969). A collection of classic statements on the subject.

Riker, William H. The Theory of Political Coalitions (Yale, 1962).

' Riker, William H. Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice (Freeman, 1982).

Riker, William H. The Art of Political Manipulation (Yale, 1986). Historical stories of protangonists manipulating electoral and other the political rules for advantage.

Rose, Richard, ed. Electoral Participation: A Comparative Analysis (SAGE, 1980).

Schwartz, Thomas. "The Paradox of Representation," Journal of Politics, 57 (1995), 309-323. Less representation is sometimes better than more

Shattschneider, E.E. Party Government (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1942).