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Musics of the World
Course Notes / Timetable 1
MUSC 230
Tue-Wed-Thu 6:00-9:10 p.m.
Winter 2001
Dr. Dane Kusic
Department of Music
University of Maryland
1000 Hilltop Circle
Baltimore, MD 21250
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 410 455 2814 (Office FA 017-B)
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Course Hours: Tu-We-Th 6:00-9:10 p.m. (FA011)
Office Hours:  By appointment
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 WEEK ONE

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Contents
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Week 1/1

Introduction

      Explanation of the course Syllabus

    Islam

    • Islam as Religion
    • The Main Concepts
      • Din
      • Allah
      • Angel Gabriel (Jabra'il)
      • Muhammad (Muhammed)
      • Revelation
      • Qur'an
        • Structure
          • Surah --  Chapter in the Qur'an -- 114 Surahs
          • Ayah -- Verse within a Surah -- 6236 or 6237 Ayahs
      • Muslim

      Dimensions of Islam

      • 1. Faith (Iman)
      • 2. Practice (cAmal, Amel)
      • 3. Ethics (Axlaq, Ahlak) and Aesthetics (Ihsan, Ihsan)

        •  

      Early History of Islam

      • cc. 610 C.E.: First revelations (piecemeal)
      • Sahaba -- Companions
      • 622 C.E.: Hijrah
      • January 630 C.E.: Muhammed's return to Mecca
      • June 9, 632 C.E.: Muhammed dies
      • Four "Orthodox Califs" -- Rashidun (Abu Bakr, cUmar, cUthman, cAli)
      • Sunna vs. Shia (The Sunni vs. the Shii Muslims)
      • Califate vs. Imamate (Election vs. Inheritance)

        •  

      Types of Namaz (Five Daily Farz Namaz-s -- Obligatory Worship)

      • Morning Namaz -- Sabah Namazi
      • Noon Namaz -- Ögle Namazi
      • Afternoon Namaz -- Ikindi Namazi
      • Evening Namaz -- Aksam Namazi
      • Night Namaz -- Yatsi Namazi

      Imam and Muezzin

      Ezan

        Video
        1. JVC: "Middle East and Africa" -- "Turkey": Ezan from Istanbul, from the top of the minaret
        2. Kusic: "Turkey 1990 -- Van 1990" (Tape 2): Ezan from the bottom of the minaret

      Makam

      • Musical mode in Turkish music. There are 13 basic makam-s. Explanation of the term

        • Explanation of the ezan sentences (translation) and their musical performance: first rendition of the sentence ends on the dominant, and its repetition on the tonic


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Week 1/2

Kamet

    • Explanation of it as religious and musical form
      Video
      • Cerrahi Tekkesi: Yatsi Namazi -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 6: 0:23)

        • Showing the Body Movements in the Rek'at
        Video
        • Cerrahi Tekkesi: Yatsi Namazi -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 6: 0:23) -- Continued
        • Showing the Body Movements in the Rek'at

    Structure of the Namaz

    1. Bodily (Somatic) Actions or Movements
    2. Verbal (Textual) Action

      3.  
    Pillars of Namaz
       
      • Iftitah Tekbiri ( iftit, takbr) - Opening Tekbir
      • Kiyam ( qiym) - Standing Position in Namaz
      • Kiraat( qir'ah) - Reading from the Kur'an While in Kyam;
      • Rükû ( ruk) - Bowing Position, in which the kneepans are grasped by palms of both hands, thus supporting the body;
      • Secde ( sajdah) - Prostration, is such a way that only the nose, forehead, both palms of hands, knees and toes are touching the ground;

        • Ka'de ( qadah) - Sitting Position

      Rek'at

      • Definition: A cycle of bodily and verbal actions and the minimal structural unit of the namaz
      • Bodily Actions
        1. Standing
        2. Bowing
        3. Prostrating
        4. Sitting

          5.  
      • Verbal Actions
        1. Tekbir: "Allahu ekber"
        2. Kiraat: Reading from the Kur'an

          3. Selâm
        Video
        • Explanation of the above terms in the recording from the Cerrahi Tekkesi -- Yatsi Namazi -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 6: 0:23)
        • Kiraat: Fatiha and Zammi Sure (Additional Sura), separated by the congregational utterance of the Amin between the suras in the kiraat

          Explain:
          • Verbal Actions as places for Musical Structuring
          • Musical relationship between the imam and the muezzin(s)

      Three Musical Concepts

    • Karar (Ending tone)
    • Makam (Repeat the definition)
    • Modulation
      • The exchange of the karar between the imam and the muezzin
      • Relationship between the tonic and dominant in the makam
          •  

      Asr and Kiraat

    • Explanation of the Asr
    • Asr vs. Kiraat
      1. Kiraat is the fast reading from the Kur'an during the rek'at
      2. Asr is the improvisatory, slow tempo reading, with embellishments, ornaments, artistry, dramatic pauses, repetition of the ayas
      Video -- Asr
        Ismail Biçer: Beyazit Mosque, Istanbul -- Ikindi Namazi, Saf Suresi (Suratu'l-Saff, K61: 10-14) -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 5: 0:13-0:21)

    Teravih Namazi

    • Explain the type of this namaz: Only during the nights of the month of Ramazan
    • Added to the Yatsi Namaz
    • Structure: 20 rek'at-s
    • Five sets of four rek'at-s
    • Five makam-s
    • Selâvat: Eulogy to the Prophet Muhammed -- Every Rek'at Set starts with the Selâvat
    • Ilâhi: Muslim religious hymn
    • Modulation: Each Rek'at Set in a different makam
      • Modulation occurs between the Rek'at Sets, during the "pauses" - tarawih - after the Selâm and the Ilâhi and before the next Rek'at Set's Selâvat
      Video
      • Teravih Namaz: Cerrahi Tekkesi, Istanbul -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 11: Beginning)


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    Tasavvuf -- Sufism -- Muslim Mysticism

    • Definition
    • The Idea of Love
    • Belief in the direct path to God without any intermediary
    • Define the words Dervish and Seyh
    • Tarikat -- Sufi Order
    • Cerrahi Tarikat
    • Tekke -- Sufi Lodge
    • Cerrahi Tekkesi
    • The banning of all tasavvuf activity it Turkey (1925)

      • Mesk

    • Definition: a musical lesson, gathering, rehearsal
    • Musical Instruments
      • Kemençe -- Turkish fiddle
      • Keman -- Violin
      • Tambur -- Long-necked lute
      • Ud -- Short-necked lute
      • Kanun -- Zither
      • Ney -- Flute
      • Def or Bendir (two to four or more) -- Frame drum - Tambourine
      • Kudüm -- A pair of small kettledrums
    • Repertory
      • Ilâhi: Muslim Religious Hymns
      • Kaside: Improvisatory Vocal Solo
      • Taksim: Improvisatory Instrumental Solo
      Video
      1. Mesk: Cerrahi Tekkesi, Istanbul -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 1: Wide angle shot, close to the end of the tape; instruments include the violin / keman, and the percussions: küdum-s and bendir-s)
      2. Mesk: Cerrahi Tekkesi, Istanbul -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 2, Cut 2: Instruments include the violin/keman, kemençe, ney, kanun plus the percussions)


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Week 1/3

Tasavvuf -- Sufism -- Muslim Mysticism: Continued

    Zikir

      Video -- (Repeat Sept. 22 Lecture)
      • The Sitting Zikir: Cerrahi Tekkesi, Istanbul -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 10, Cut 2 - 1:00)

    Types of zikir

      Video
      • Cerrahi Zikri -- Tavaf and Dalga Tevhidi -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 6, Cut 3 - 1:15-1:25)

    Mevlevî Ayin-i

      Video
      1. The Sema (Mevlevî Ayini-i): Cerrahi Tekkesi, Istanbul -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 10, Cut 2 - 1:00)
      2. Mesk -- Sema: Cerrahi Tekkesi, Istanbul -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 2, Cut 3)
      3. Mesk -- Sema: Cerrahi Tekkesi, Istanbul -- Kusic: "Turkey 1991" (Tape 4, Beginning)
      4. Kadiri Zikri with the shish -- Kadir Gecesi, Ankara -- The Kadiri Tape
      Video
      • Morocco: Zikir with jumping -- Morocco Tape: "Hymns and Praise," Cut 2 (0:30-0:58)

    Mesk: Necdet Yasar

      Video
      • Tape: Turkish Classical Music, Cut 1: Necdet Yasar Ensemble Mesk and its concert in Atatürk Kültür Merkezi, Istanbul. Recorded by Münir Beken (1995?)


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    The Suite Principle

    1. Western Suite: J.S. Bach's Orchestral Suites

      • Comparison with dances and dance rhythms
      • See notes on suite for my course History of Western Music I (MUSC321)
      CD
      • J.S. Bach, Suite No. 1 in C Major, BWV 1066

        • Compare Orchestral Suite's Overture with solo instrumental Prelude

        Piano piece: Play on the piano a prelude by Bach:

        • J.S. Bach, Das Wohltemperiertes Clavier, Erster Teil: "Praeludium I" in C major

    2.  Fasil: Turkish Suite

    • Movements:
      • Pesrev -- instrumental prelude
      • Sarki and Beste: forms of songs
      • Taksim -- improvisatory instrumental solo
    • Musical Instruments:
      • ud -- short-necked lute with deep, pear-shaped body
      • tambur or tanbur -- long-necked lute with round body
      • kemençe - Turkish fiddle
      • kanun -- Turkish zither, similar to the Arabic qanun
      • ney -- flute
      • küdum -- a pair of kettle-drums, beaten with wooden mallets, similar to those in the Western rock band drum-set
      • def -- tambourine / frame-drum, without small cymbals in its frame

        •  
      CD:
      • Ayanlikavak'tan Kalm'a...

        • Münip Utandi, voice.
        Musical Instruments: tanbur, kanun, ud, kemençe, ney, bendir
        Cut 1: Nihavend Pesrev (2:50)
        Cut 3: Nihavend ark (3:50)
        Text and Music: ABCB

    3.  Dastgah: Iranian Suite

    • The concept of the dastgah as suite and musical mode
    • Movements:
      • Pishdaramad --  Instrumental Prelude
      • Chahar Mezrab -- Tar and Ney Solo, each accompanied with the Darbukka
      • Avaz -- Movement with improvisatory, embellished, and ornamented solo singing, accompanied with instruments
    • Musical Instruments:
      • ney-- flute
      • tar -- long-necked lute
      • darbukka -- goblet-shaped single-headed drum
      • kemancha -- Iranian fiddle
      • santur -- Iranian dulcimer
      Video
      • Dastgah Abu Ata / Dashti. Mohamad Reza Shajarian, avaz. Recorded in New York, 1990.
      • Dastgah Afshari. Parysa, avaz. 1975. Instruments: kemancha, tar, ney, darbuka, santur.
      • Santur solo. JVC: "Middle East and Africa" -- "Iran" (0:22:20)

    4.  Nuba: Moroccan Suite

      Video
      • Tape Morocco: "Lutes and Delights," Cut 1

        • Instruments: violins held upright, ud
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Copyright © 2000 by Dane Kusic
University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250
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