Modeling Humans in HCI
Hidekazu Yoshikawa

1. Introduction
   • The major subjects in this chapter is to give basic knowledge on "modeling human in HCI" for various interface designing such as process control, education and trainings, etc., in order to promote good human performance and to avoid human errors at the interface.
2. Basic Knowledge for Human Modeling in HCI
   • Generic characteristics of human cognitive process at interface
     • Nature of human memory system
       • Short-term memory, Long-term memory
       • Model on human information processor by Card
     • Control modes of human information processing
     • Balance sheet of human cognitive system
   • Conceptual framework of modeling human behavior at interface
   • Modeling knowledge on human error at interface
     • Skill-, Rule- and Knowledge-based modes of human action (Rasmussen)
     • Problem solving algorithms of operators (Rasmussen)
     • Generic Error Modeling System(GEMS) (Reason/Embrey)
     • Framework of "Human Error" (Rasmussen, Reason)
   • Modeling Elements for Configuring Human Models in HCI
     • Process model - observation, interpretation, planning and execution with memory systems
     • Knowledge model - knowledge spaces, physical world, cause- consequence world, state world and goal world (Furuta)
     • Control model - various control mode in human behavior (Hollnagel)
3. Methods of Human Model by Computer Simulation
   • Modeling methods of observation and state recognition
   • Control methods of human reasoning process
   • Various AI methods for describing human inference process
   • Modeling method of human-environment interaction
4. Applications of Human Model for HCI
   • Simulations of human-machine interactions for process control
   • Introductions into education and training environments
   • Personified interface agents and other potential areas