Computer-Based Tutoring Systems: A Behavioral Approach
Henry H. Emurian and Ashley G. Durham

1. Background
   • Scope of the chapter
     • Personalized system of instruction (PSI)
     • Programmed instruction (PI)
   • Historical antecedents
     • Pressley
     • Crowder
     • Skinner
     • Keller
     • Vargas
     • Holland
     • Gagne
     • Bloom
     • Tennyson
   • Trends in the current PSI and PI literature
   • Information technology and the reemergence of PI
2. The learn unit
   • Definition
     • A quantifiable intellectual metric
   • Focus on the individual learner
   • Size of the unit
   • Transitions among units
   • Applications to web-based education and training
3. The process of acquisition
   • Knowledge and skill
   • A functional ontology of learning
     • Modeling
     • Discrimination
     • Item information
     • Paired association information
     • Serial stream information
   • Criterion of mastery
     • Steady-state performance
   • Overlearning
     • Parameters of repetition
   • Forgetting
     • Tests of retention
   • Interference
     • Retroactive and proactive inhibition
4. A case study
   • A computer-based programmed instruction tutoring system for Java
5. From memorization to meaning
   • Response specificity and generality
6. From recitation to understanding
   • Contextual influences
   • Multiple determinants of response strength
7. Conclusions
   • A rational pedagogy
   • A "totally effective" learning environment
   • Learning to learn